000			13604nam a2200133Ia 4500
999			_c156673 _d156673
040			_cCUS
082			_a155.072 _bCRE/R
100			_aCreasey, G.L. _910777
245		0	_aResearch methods in lifespan development/ _c G.L.Creasey
260			_aBoston: _bPearson, _c2006.
300			_a448 p. _bHB
505			_aPART ONE • Basic Research Methods 1 1 General Research Strategies 1 The Field of Lifespan Development 2 Influences on Development 3 • The Field of Lifespan Development: A Summary 4 General Research Methods 4 Initial Planning: The Importance of Theory 4 • Research Designs 6 BOX 1.1 • Using Analog Methods to Study Difficiilt-to-Manipulate Variables 12 Critiquing Designs 13 Controlling Validity Threats 14 The Participants: Today's Problems 14 • The Participants: Tomorrow's Problems 16 The Experimenter 18 • Controlling Threats to External Validity 18 Summary of Validity Threats 19 Developmental Designs 19 Cross-Sectional Designs 19 • Longitudinal Designs 21 Time-Lag Designs 23 • Modified Developmental Designs 23 Developmental Designs and Methods 25 • Summary of Developmental Designs 25 Methods of Data Collection 26 Data-Collection Strategies 1: Addressing "How" 26 • Data-Collection Strategies 11: Addressing "Good" 29 • Summary of Data-Collection Methods 30 Chapter Summary 30 Research Navigator™ Exercise 1: Identifying Introductory Terms 31 Research Navigator^^' Exercise 2: The Scientific. Applied, and Collaborative Nature of the Field 32 2 Participants, Researchers, and Research Settings 33 Sampling and Recruitment 34 Sampling 34 • Sampling Diricrent Age Groups 36 BOX 2.1 • (/.v/'/jg Multiple Sampling Strategies to Obtain Sample Diversity 37 Recruilmenl 38 • Summar>' of Sampling and Recruitment Methods 39 Ethical Issues in Human Development Research 40 The Institutional Review Board (IRB) 40 • Informed Consent 41 • Risks and Benefits 43 • Confidentiality 44 • Vulnerable Populations 44 Summary of Ethical Issues 45 BOX 2.2 • The Effects of Peer-Reputation Measures 46 The Experimenter 46 Standardization 47 • Experimenter Bias 48 • Additional Sources of Subject Reactivity 48 Research Settings 49 Common Research Settings 50 • Obtaining Parental Permission 52 BOX 2.3 • The Neighborhood Walk 55 BOX 2.4 • Emerging Rules for Internet Research 57 Summary of Research Settings 58 Chapter Summary 59 Re.search Navigator'-'^' Exercise: identifying Sampling, Recruiting, and Consent Procedures 60 PART TWO • Research Methods in Infant Development 61 3 Newborn and Biobehavioral Assessment 61 Major Methodological Issues 62 Sampling and Recruitment 62 • The Importance of Infant State 64 Working with Vulnerable Infants 64 • Summary of Methodological Issues 68 Neonatal Assessment 68 Common Perinatal Screening Strategies 69 • Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale (NBAS) 70 • Additional Behavioral-Assessment Scales 72 BOX 3.1 • NBAS Training as an InteiTention 73 Summary of Newborn Assessment 74 State Regulation and Arousal 74 Infant State Assessment 75 BOX 3.2 • Using the "Breaihing Bear" to Assist the Stale Regulation of Premature Infants 78 A.ssessmeni of Infant Crying 78 • Physiological Indices of Arousal and Regulation 79 Temperament 81 • Summary of State Regulation and Arousal Assessment 83 BOX 3.3 • Born Too Shy? A Longitudinal Study of Infant Reactivity 84 Growth and Motor Development 84 Physical Growth 85 Motor Development 86 Summary of Growth and Motor Development 87 Chapter Summary 88 Re.search Navigator"" Exerci.se; Read a Real Sad Study—The As.sessment of Infant Crying 89 4 Assessing Infant Mental Abilities 90 Assessment of Infant Learning and Information Processing 90 Habituation 91 • Expectancy Formation 92 BOX 4.1 • Physiological Measures to Tap Infant Learning 93 Instrumental Conditioning 95 • Object-Hiding and Deferred-Imitation Paradigms 96 • Summary of Infant Learning/Information-Processing Assessment 97 Infant Sensation and Perception 97 Touch 97 BOX 4.2 • When's a Touch Too Much? Infant Massage Therapy 98 Chemical Sensation: Olfaction and Taste 99 • Visual Perception 102 Auditory Perception 106 • Cross-Modal Transfer 108 • Summary of Infant Sensation and Perception 108 Cognition 108 Object Concept Formation 109 • Categorization 111 • Space, Time, and Number 1 13 * Summary of Infant Cognition Methods 115 Testing Infant Mental Development 116 Bayley Scales of Infant Development 1 16 • Battelle Developmental Inventory (BDl) 1 18 • Summary of Infant Tests of Mental Development 119 Play A ssessment 119 Methodological Considerations 1 19 • Infant Free-Play As.sessment.s 120 Elicited-Play Assessments 122 • Summary of Play Assessment 123 Chapter Summary 123 Research Navigator' Exercise; Object Permanence Methods 124 5 Assessing Infant Socioeniotional Development 125 Capturing Early Emotional Development 125 Assessing Basic Infant Emotions 126 Cognitive Maturity 126 • Emotional Elicilors 128 • Measuring Emotional Expression and Slates 129 BOX 5.1 • Facial Expressions in Infants Across Three Cultures 133 Summary of Early Emotional Development 136 Assessing Emotion Regulation 136 Definition and Basic Measurement Strategies 136 • Predictors of Emotion Regulation 137 • Summary of Emotion-Regulation Assessment 142 Assessing Infant Attachment 142 Definitional and Theoretical Issues 142 • The Strange Situation 144 BOX 5.2 • Modifying the Strange Situation 145 Attachment Behavior Q-Set 148 • Variables that Predict Attachment Security or Insecurity 150 The Adult Attachment Interview 150 BOX 5.3 • Is Attachment Security Universally Valued? 151 Adult Attachment Interview: A Brief Overview 151 Associations with Infant Attachment and Caregiver Sensitivity 152 Frightening or Frightened Caregiver Behavior 154 Summary of Adult Attachment Interview 155 Chapter Summary 155 Research Navigator' Exercise: Infant Attachment 156 PART THREE • Research Methods in Child Development 157 6 Assessing Cognitive Processes in Children 157 Assessing Cognition I: Piagetian Techniques 158 Piaget s Tlieory: A Briel Overview 158 • An Introduction to Piagetian Methods 160 Summary of Piagetian Theory and Tasks 164 Assessing Cognition II: Recent Techniques 164 Alteration of Task Requirements and Training 165 Assessing Domain-Specific Knowledge 167 • Assessing Theory of Mind 168 Assessment of Sociodramatic Play 169 • Conclusions and Piaget's Legacy 171 BOX 6.1 • The Museum as a Research Context 173 Assessing Information Processing in Children 174 Major Components of the Information-Processing System 174 Assessing Information-Processing Components and Capabilities 175 Information-Processing Speed 176 • Episodic Buffer "Space" 178 Assessing the Efficiency of Working Memoiy 178 • Assessing Retrieval Strategies 184 Summary of Information-Processing Methods 186 BOX 6.2 • Assessing Eyewitness Recall in Children 187 Chapter Summary 188 Research Navigator^^''' Exercise; Working Memory in Children 189 7 Assessing Child Intellect and Language 190 Assessing Child Intellect 190 Group-Administered Intelligence Tests 191 • Individual Tests of Intelligence 192 Reliability and Validity of Intelligence Tests 197 • Assessing "Total" Intelligence 198 Assessing Child Intellect; A Summary 200 BOX 7.1 • Does Television-Viewing Warp Thinking? 200 Language Assessment 202 Types of Language Assessments 202 • Language Development; A Very Brief Landscape 203 • Major Considerations Regarding Language Assessment 205 BOX 7.2 • Talking to Myself: The Assessment of Private Speech 207 Screening Infants and Children for Communicative Abilities 207 • Comprehensive. Standardized Language Tests 208 • Comprehensive Assessment of Language in Naturali.stic Settings 211 • Summary of Language A.ssessment 217 • Assessing the Cognitive and Linguistic Environments of Children 217 Assessing Adult Mentorship Behavior 218 Beyond the Parent-Child Dyad 219 • Assessing Learning and Cognitive Environments: A Summary 220 Chapter Summary 220 Research Navigator™ Exercise; Intelligence in Children 221 8 Assessing Social Development in Children 222 Obtaining Consistent, Accurate Data from Children 222 Are Children Good Informants? 223 BOX 8.1 • How to Inten'iew Children 224 The Use of Child Informants; A Summary 225 Assessing Self-Representation and Self-Esteem 225 Assessing Self-Representation 225 • Assessing Self-Esteem 228 • Summary of Self-Assessment 230 Assessing Gender-Related Thinking and Behavior in Children 230 Gender-Schema Theory 231 • Sex As an Independent Variable 231 • A.ssessing Gender-Related Attitudes and Preferences 232 • Assessing Gender Constancy and Gender Ideniily 234 • Assessing Gencler-Rclaled Behavior 236 • Summary of Gender-Related Assessments 237 Assessing Prosocial Reasoning and Behavior 237 Assessing Perspective Taking 237 • Assessing Moral Reasoning, Distributive Justice, and Social Conventions 241 • Assessing Pro.social Behavior 246 • Assessing Empathy and Sympathy 247 BOX 8.2 • Assessing Aggression in Context 248 Assessing Prosocial Reasoning and Behavior: A Summary 250 Assessing Relationships with Others 250 A.ssessing Child-Caregiver Attachment 251 • A.s.sessing Peer Relationships 253 • Assessing Relationships with Others: A Summary 256 Chapter Suntniary 256 Research Navigator'''^' Exercise: Bullies and Victims 257 PART FOUR • Research Methods in Adolescent Development 259 9 Assessing Adolescent Development I: Biological, Cognitive, and Social Changes 259 Understanding Adolescent Development: A Brief Overview 260 A Contemporary Framework 260 Understanding Adolescent Development: A Summary 262 Assessing Pnbertal Development 263 Assessing Hormonal Concentrations 263 BOX 9,1 • An Evcnt-Sompling Method for Documenting Mood Changes 264 Assessing Pubertal Change and Status 265 • Measuring Pubertal Development: A Summary 268 Measuring Cognitive Changes in Adolescence 268 Piaget's Perspective on Adolescent Thought 269 BOX 9.2 • Linking Social and Cognitive Development 272 Piagetian Theory and Methods: A Summary 273 • Assessing Adolescent Information Processing 274 • Summary of Cognitive Assessment 277 Assessing Social Change 111 Social Changes in the Family Context 278 • As.sessing Social Changes in the Peer Group 284 • Assessing Adolescent-Adult Transitions 286 • Assessing Social Changes: A Summary 289 Chapter Summary 289 Research Navigator^''' Exercise: Adolescents and Culture 290 10 Assessing Adolescent Development II: The Developmental Outcomes 291 Attachment and Intimacy 292 Attachment 292 • Intimacy 296 • Some Remaining Questions Assessing Attachment and Intimacy: A Summary 298 Autonomy 298 Emotional Autonomy 299 • Behavioral Autonomy 300 305 Value Autonomy 301 Some Conclusions About Autonomy Assessment Identity 306 Erikson's Theory: A Brief Overview 306 • Identity: Additional Methodolooical and Theoretical Issues 307 BOX 10.1 • Is Erikson's Tlieoiy Developmeiitally Valid? 308 Some Conclusions Regarding Identity Assessment 311 Achievement 311 Assessing Educational Achievement 311 • As.sessing Occupational Aspirations Achievement: A Summary 318 Sexuality 319 Locating Research Contexts and Samples 319 • What to Assess? 320 • Some Remaining Methodological and Theoretical Issues C oncluding Thou"hts 322 Chapter Summary 322 Research Navigator"'' Exercise: Adolescents and Sex 297 321 • A.ssessing Sexuality: Some PART FIVE • Research Methods in Adult Development and Aging 11 Methodological Issues in Adult Development Research I: Biological and Cognitive Changes 325 Methodological Issues Facing Adult Developmentalists 326 What Innucnces Development? 326 • Sampling 327 • Quality 328 • Summary 329 Assessing Biological and Health Ramifications of Aging 330 The Biology of Aging: Methodological Considerations 330 • Risk 332 • Summary 336 Stress and Coping: Methodological Issues 337 Stress: Definitional and Methodological Issues 337 Stress Outcomes 341 • The Assessment of Coping 341 BOX 11.1 • Parents are Hassled: No Kidding Around 341 Summary 344 323 325 Maximizing Data Health, Disea.se, and Health 3 16 Adult Cognition 344 Inielligence 344 BOX 11.2 • Can We Reverse Cognitive Decline? 347 Information Processing and Memory 348 • Qualitative Cognitive Changes 354 Summary 359 Chapter Summary 359 Research Navigator'^' Exercise: Stress and Coping 360 12 Methodological Issues in Adult Development Research II: Personality and Social Processes 361 Methodological Approaches to Personality Development 361 Trail Theory and Research 362 BOX 12.1 • Assessing the Personalities of Children 364 Stage Theories of Personality 364 Summary 366 Assessing the Context of Marriage 366 Marital Behavior 367 • Marital Cognitions 370 Marital Quality 372 • Summary 372 Methodological Issues in Parenting Research 373 What Child Outcomes Should I Predict? 374 • Parental Emotional Functioning 374 Parental Cognitions 377 • Parenting Styles and Practices 381 • Summary 385 Grandparenting and Intergenerational Relationships 385 The Theoretical Influence of Grandparents 385 BOX 12.2 • The Intergenerational Effects of Parenting and Attachment 387 Variables That Influence Grandparent-Grandchild Relationships 387 • Methodological Issues in Caregiving 389 • Summary 391 Career Development: Methodological and Assessment Issues 391 The Adult Worker: Methodological Issues 391 • Theories of Career Development 393 Assessing Career Development 394 • Assessing Career-Development Outcomes 395 • Summary 396
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