Elements of poetry in the Mahabharata/ Ram Karan Sharma

Includes index.

I. The Gods (Deva) .
1. The gods in general. 2. Indra. 3. Siva. 4. Vi.snu. 5. Brahma.
6. The ASvins. 7. Savitf. 8. Mitravaruna. 9. Kubera. 10. Kartikeyai II. Kama. 12. Yama.
II. The Goddesses (Devi)
1. Aditi. 2. Uma. 3. Sri. 4. Rati. 5. Kirrinari and Apsaras.
III. Sacrificial Objects (Yajna)
IV. Fire (Agni)
V. Sun (Surya)
VI. Moon (Candra)
VII. Planets (Graha)
1. Planets in general. 2. Specific planets, (a) Mars and Mercury
(Mangala-Budha), (6) Venus (Sukra), (c) Venus and Mars
(Sukra-Mangala), (d) Mercury and Venus (Budha-Sukra),
(e) Saturn (SanaiScara), (/) Mercury and Saturn (Budha-
Sanai^cara).
VIII. Comet (Dhumaketu) .
IX. Constellation and Stars (Nakgatra, Tara)
X. The Earth (Prthivi)
XI. Sky (AkaSa) .
XII. Cloud (Megha)
XIII. Lightning (Vidyut)
XIV. The Wind (Vayu)
XV. Ocean (Samudra) .
XVI. Lake (Saras)
XVII. River (Nadi)
XVIII. Well, Water (Udapana, Jala)
XIX. Mountain (Parvata)
XX. Cattle: Cow, Bull, Ox (Go) .
XXI. Horses (A^va) .
XXII. Elephant (Gaja)
XXIII. Lion (Simha) .
XXIV. Tiger (Vyaghra)
XXV. Snake (Sarpa) .
XXVI. Other Animals
1. Monkey (Vanara). 2. Camel (U?tra). 3. Domestic animals
(PaSu). 4. Wolf (Vrka). 5. Boar (Stikara). 6. Jackal (Kro^tuka).
7. Deer (Mrga). 8. Dog (.'5va). 9. Porcupine (Salyaka). 10. Rab
bit (SaSa). 11. Frog (Manduka). 12. Mouse (Indura). 13. Tor
toise (Ktirma). 14. Conchshells (Sankba). 15. Female crab
(Karkataki).
XXVII. Birds (Paksin)
1. Birds in general. 2. Garuda. 3. Swan (Hamsa). 4. Osprey
(Kurarl). 5. Peacock (Mayura). 6. Cuckoo (Purpskokila).
7. Eagle (Syena). 8. Curlew (Krauiica). 9. Crane (Baka).
10. Cakravaka. 11. Crow (Kaka). 12. Partridge (Tittiri).
XXVIII. Insects .
1. Moth (^alabha). 2. Bee (Bhramara).
XXIX. Forest (Vana) .
XXX. Trees and Plants
1. The tree in general. 2. Bulea frondosa (Kiip^uka). 3. Palmyra
palm (Tala). 4. Sal tree, Shorea robusta (Sala). 5. Bamboo
(Vaip^a). 6. ASoka tree. 7. Plantain tree (Kadali). 8. Mango
(Cuta). 9. Silk-cotton tree (Salmali). 10. Pipal tree, Ficus
religiosa (Aivattha). 11. Reed, Amphidonax karka (Nala).
12. Creeper (Lata). 13. Soma and Putika. 14. Flowers (Pu$pa).
15. Fruit (Phala). 16. Sesamum indicum (Tila). 17. Black gram
(Ma?a). 18. Rice (Sali). 19. Turmeric (Haridra). 20. Cotton
(Tula). 21. A tuft of reeds (Saratula). 22. Plants as elucidative
of philosophical or ethical ideas.
XXXI. Lotus (Kamala)
1. Day-blooming lotus. 2. Night-blooming lotus (Kumuda).
XXXII. Metal . .
1. Gold (Svarna). 2. Silver (Rajata). 3. Copper (Tamra).
XXXIII. Jewel (Ratna) .
1. Cat's eye (Vaidurya). 2. Crystal (Sphatika). 3. Pearl (Mani).
4. Gem (Ratna).
XXXIV. Relatives (Sarnbandhin)
1. Father (Pitr). 2. Mother (Matr). 3. Teacher (Guru).
XXXV. Sages (Il§i)
1. Brhaspati. 2. Valmiki. 3. Vasistha. 4. Kapila. 5. Dadhica.
6. Angiras. 7. Bhfgu. 8. Atri. 9. Agastya. 10. Aurva. 11. Trita.
12. Kakjivat.
• XXXVI. Kings (Raj an)
1. Yayati. 2. Pururavas. 3. Puru. 4. Sibi. 5. Manu. 6. Ik?vaku.
7. Bhaglratha. 8. Rantideva. 9. Mundhatr. 10. Pfthu. 11. Dambhodbhava.
12. Khatvanga. 13. Nabhaga. 14. Dillpa. 15. Sahasrarjuna.
16. Rama. 17. Kr?na. 18. Arjuna. 19. Bhi§ma. 20.
Ajamldha. 21. SaSabindu. 22. Gaya. 23. Nj-ga.
XXXVII. Other Personal Names
1. ParaSurama. 2. Hanumat. 3. Valin and Sugrlva. 4. Personal
names as standards of conjugal love. 5. Savitrl.
XXXVIII. Various Phases of Human Life
1. Witness (Sak^in). 2. Ordinary, common folk (Prakfta).
3. Helpless or unprotected person (An.atha). 4. Intoxicated
person (Matta). 5. A diseased person (Vyadhiklista). 6. Dumb
person (Jadaniuka). 7. Lame persons, persons with crippled
arm (Kuni pangii), blind person. 8. A disordered, frantic person
(Unmatta). 9. One insane owing to demoniac seizure (Avi?ta).
10. Eunuch (Kliba). 11. The virtuous (Sukrtin). 12. The enemy
(Amitra). 13. An unchaste woman (PumScali). 14. Impure per
son (ASuci). 15. A wicked person (Nr^amsa). 16. A distressed
person (Arta). 17. A coward (Kapuru§a). 18. Hungry persons.
19. Persons afflicted with heat. 20. Base men (Nica). 21. Spec
tators. 22. Neutral (Udaslna). 23. Caste (Varna). 24. Age
(Vayas). 25. A corpse. 26. Falsehood (Anrta). 27. Phases of
human life as elucidative of philosophical or ethical ideas.
XXXIX. Philosophical Terms
1. Soul (Atmau;. 2. Indifference to things of the world (Vairagya).
3. Virtue (Dharma). 4. The Vedas (Veda). 5. Elements
of speech. 6. Five elements (Panca-mahabhtita). 7. Sense
organs (Indriya). 8. Mind (Manas). 9. Life (Prana). 10. Body
(Deha).
XL. Material Culture .
1. Cart (Sakata) and its parts. 2. Ship (Nan) or raft (Plava).
3. Swing (Dola). 4. Iron (Loha). 5. Saw (Kirakaca). 6. Weapons
(Sastra) and machine (Yantra). 7. Wood (Ka§tha). 8. Mirror
(Adar^a). 9. Clothes (Vastra). 10. Painting (Citra). 11. Garland
(Mala). 12. Ornaments (Alaipkara). 13. Mark on the forehead
(Tilaka). 14. Kettledrum (Dundubhi). 15. A leather bag (Drti).
16. Leather (Carman). 17. Needle (Suci). 18. Pot (Ghata).
19. Banner (Dhvaja). 20. Puppet (Darumayi yo?a). 21. Medi
cine (Au?adha). 22. Pillow (Upadhana). 23. Trap (Vagura).
XLI. Supernatural Appearances
1. Golden trees. 2. An imaginary town in the sky (Gandharvanagara).
3. Celestial car (VimSna).
XLII. Miscellaneoys .
1. Nectar (Amj-ta). 2. Poison (Visa). 3. Seasons (!p.tu). 4. Spring
(Vasanta). 5. Food (Ahara). 6. Perfume (Gandha). 7. A post
(Sthanu). 8. Shadow (Chaya). 9. Pilgrimage centers (Tirtha).
10. Fog (Nihara). 11. Anthill (Valmika). 12. Snow (Hima).
13. Success (Siddhi).
XLIII. Malopama .
2. Metaphor (Rupaka)
I. Complex Metaphor
1. Tree. 2. Butter and Razor. 3. Boat on a river. 4. River.
5. Ocean. 6. Fire. 7. Cloud. 8. Gambling. 9. Palace. 10. Gateway
of heaven. 11. The City of Nine Gates. 12. Chariot. 13. Orna
ment. 14. Lamp. 15. Lotus. 16. Lake. 17. Lion. 18. The old sage.
II. Simple Metaphor .
3. Poetical Fancy (Utprek9a)
I. Utprek?a of Verbs
II. Utprek§a of Nouns and Adjectives .
4. Hyperbole (AtiSayokti)
I. Understatement of the Qualities of Objects of
Comparisoji
II. Presenting Something Unreal or Incongruous
III. Fanciful Overstatement with Api (Even)
5. Inference from Circumstances (Arthapatti)
/ 6. Antithesis (Virodha)
I. General
II. Ambiguous Antithesis
7. Exclusion by Specification (Parisarnkhya)
8. Miscellaneous Figures
I. Excellence (Vyatireka)
II. Converse (Pratipa)
III. Poetical Doubt (Samdeha)
lY. Mistaker (Bhrantiman)
V. Equal Pairing (Tulyayogita)
VI. Accompaniment (Sahokti)
VII. Poetical Reason (Kavyaliiiga)
VIII. Description of Nature (Svabhavokti)
IX. Incongruity (Vi§ama)
X. Modal Metaphor (Samasokti)
9. Idioms
A. Idioms in General
I. Human Body
1. Feet. 2. Hands. 3. Lips and teeth. 4. Eyes. 5. Corners of the
mouth. 6. Back. 7. Marrow of the bones.
II. Animal World
1. Lion. 2. Tiger. 3. Elephant. 4. Snake. 5. Crow and jackal.
6. White crow.
III. Miscellaneous
1. Sesamum seeds (Tila). 2. Grass (Trna). 3. Root. 4. Thorns.
•' 5. Sacrificial objects. 6. Fire and javelin. 7. Mountain and
mustard. 8. Mud. 9. Hook. 10. River. 11. Needle. 12. Mirror.
18. Poison. 14. Pot. 15. Knot. 16. Wilderness. 17. Scraping
with a sharp object. '
B. Idioms in Verbal Phrases
I. General
II. Periphrases Expressive of Death
III. Expressions for Goodbye
10. Figures of Sound (Sabdalamkara)
, I. Repetition of Consonants (Anuprasa)
1. Repetition of a consonant more than once. 2. Repetition of
more than one consonant once. 3. Repetition of more than one
consonant more than once. 4. Repetition of words and meanings
differing only in relation to their immediate constituents
(Latanuprasa). 5. Rhyme (Antyanuprasa).
II. Chime (Yamaka) .
III. Paronomasia (Sle^a)
IV. Indirect Mode of Expression (Vakrokti)
V. Repetition of Phrases or Words in a Set of Verses
1. Linkage or concatenation, 2. Repetition of similar or iden
tical words within verses. 3. Chiasmus.
11. Techniques of Oral Poetry