Developmental Influences on adult Intelligence: the seattle longitudinal study Schaie,K Warner

1. Introduction and Preview 3
Origin ol iho Seattle Longitudinal Study 3
Some Caveats 4
Why StU(h' Intelligenie in Adulthood? 5
A Theoretical Fd-ainework lor LlndiTstanding Adult Intellectual Development
HisKjrv ol' the Seattle Longitudinal Study 9
Ol>jocti\es (jf the Seattle Longitudinal Study 15
iMan for the Volume 17
Chapter Stimmarv 19
2. Methodological Issues 20
Cross-Sectional and Longitudinal Data 20
Threats to the Internal and External Validity of Developmental Studies 26
Structural Equivalence 31
The Diiferentiation-Dedilferentialion Mvpothcsis ^4
The Role of Posldiction in longitudinal Studies 35
Chapter Summary
3. The Database 38
The Participant Population 38
Characteristics ol the Base I'opulation 44
The Measurement Battery 48
Chapter Summarv 61
4. Cross-Sectional Studies 62
The I'iiot Stutlii's 62
Thi- 1956 Hasoiim- Studv 67
Cross-Sfitional Rcpiii-ations 68
Practii.'ai inli'llim-ntr Data 98
ChapU-r Sunimarv 1 1 1
5. Longitudinal Studies 112
Hasic Cotjnilivi- Data 1 i 3
Expanded Cotjnitive Data 120
Practical Intelligence Data 125
Cognitive St\le Data 128
Chapter Summarv 128
6. Studies of Cohort and Period Differences 133
Studies of Cohort Differences 1 3 3
Studies of Period (Time-of-Measurenient) Differences 147
Interpretation and Application of Period Effect Estimates 155
Chapter Summarv 1 57
7. Intervention Studies 158
Remediation Versus New Learning 158
The 198 3 1984 Cognitive Training Studv 159
Replication of Cognitive Training Effects 172
Maintenance of Training 173
The Role of Strategv Use in Training Success 182
Chapter Summarv 185
8. Methodological Studies 187
Changing From Sampling Without Replacement to Sam|jling With Replacement
(1974 Collateral Studv) 187
The Aging cjf Tests (1975 Stutiv) 192
Effects ol Monetary Incentives 194
F.llects of Experimental Mortalitv: The Problem ol Participant Attrition 198
Ellects ol Practiie in Repeated Testing 201
Controlling tor Ellects ol Attrition ami Practice hv an Independent Random
Sampling Design 201
Structural Equivalence 204
Chapter Summarv 216
9. The Relationship Between Cognitive Styles and Intellectual
Functioning 219
Does Flexihilitv-Rigi<litv Rt'present an lnde|temlent Domain? 219
Docs Rigulilv-Flcxihilitv ArtVt l the Maintenance of Inlellcclual Abilities Into
Old Age? 222
Relationships Between the l.atent Abilitv Constructs and the Cognitive Style
Measures 229
Chapter Sumniarv 232
10. Health and Maintenance of Intellectual Functioning 233
The Analvsis of Health Histories 2 33
.Age and Health Histories 2 35
Diseases That .Allect Maintenance oi Cogtiilive Functioning 236
More Comprehensive .Analvses oi the Filecls ol Disease on Cognition 23S
The Study of Health Behaviors 242
Intellectual Func tioning as a Predic tor of Phvsica! Health 250
Filects of Social Support on Illness 252
F.lfects of Cognition on Medic-ation Use 256
Cognili\'e Decline and the Predic tion of Mortalitv 261
Chapter Summarv 267
11. Lifestyle Variables That Affect Intellectual Functioning 269
Lifestvle Characteristics and Cognitive Func-tioning: Initial .Analyses 270
Lifestyle Characteristics and Cognitive Functioning: More Recent Analyse.s 271
Family Similarity in Lilestvie Characteristics 277
EfTcc ts of Work Characteristics and Retirement Status on Cognitive Functioning
279
Chapter Summarv 28 3
12. The Sequential Study of Personality Trails and Attitudes 285
Social Responsibilitv 286
Other PcTsonality Traits 286
The NEO Personality Inventory 301
Depression in Old Age 306
Chapter Summarv 307
13. Influences of Personality on Cognition 309
Studying the Relation Between Personality and Cognition 309
('i urrrnl Bt*lcM U Hiships 310
J 1 l: J l> ) : M > • •
l* .*V\»
' r .4
14. l-aiiiily Studies of hitellcetiuil Abilities ih Ailidthood 3JH
MarrU-d CoiiplfN ^ 1
Itcic caiue ol the Seaule I.oiiglludiiial Sludc l«. I )c velopiiu-iHal Behav ior (.icnelics
320
Parents and Adult Offspring 324
Adult Siblings 34 I
Chapter Summarv 343
15. Subjective Perceptions of Cognitive Change 344
Pcrccplion ol Cognilivi- (.'hangr Over Smt n Yrars HS
Stabililv oj C\)ngrufm.e Tvpos
Perception of Sliori-Term Cognitive- C'hantie and oi Trainino lilVet Ls ^60
Chapter Summarv ^65
16. Influences of Family Environment on Cognition 367
The Measuri-nient of Faniilv Environments l67
Inlluenres ol Familv Environment on Coynition S85
Chapter Summarv 19}
17. The Role of Longitudinal Studies in the Early Detection
of Dementia 395
Genetic Markers of Dementia 196
Ncuropsvchological A.ssessment of Dementia in a Communilv-Dwelling
Sample 197
Projecting the CHR.'M") Balterv Into the Primarv Mental Ahililies Construct
Space 401
The Postcliction of Neuropsvchology Measures Erom the Primarv Mental Ahilitv
Scores 405
Predicting Risk of Dementia From Young Adulthood and Middle Age Primary
Mental Ahilitv Assessments 408
Chapter Summarv 415
18. Summary and Conclusions 416
The Course of Adult Intellectual Development 416
Methodological Advances in the Seattle Longitudinal Study 421
Family Similarity in Adult Intellectual Development 425
The Role of Pensonalitv and l.ilestvle Characteristics 426
Early Detection of Risk for Dementia 427
Relationship of the Empirical Data to the Conceptual Model 428
What We Still Need to Learn 411
Some Final Words 411