Development infliences on adult intelligence: he seattle longitudinal study K. Warner Schaie

1. Introduction and Preview 3
Orisjin of the Seattle Longitudinal Study 3
Some Caveats 4
Why Study intelligenee in Adulthoofi? 5
A Theorelieal [ ramework lor Llnderstanding Adult Intellectual Oeyelopment
History ol the Seattle Longitudinal Study 9
Ohjectives of the Seattle Longitudinal Study 1 5
Plan for the Volume 17
Chapter Summary 19
2. Methodological Issues 20
Cross-Sectional and Longitudinal Data 20
Threats to the Internal and External Validity of Developmental Studies 26
Structural Equiyalence 31
The Differentiation-Dedifferenliation Hypothesis 34
The Role of Postdiction in longitudinal Studies 35
Chapter Summary Ri
3. The Database 38
The Participant Population 3S
Characteristirs ol the Rase Population 44
The Measurement Rattery 4S
Chapter Summary 61
4. Cross-Sectional Studies 62
The Pilot Stuclic'.s 62
The 1956 Baseline Studv 67
Cross-Sectional Keplic-athins 68
Practical Inlellii»eniv Data 98
Chapter Summarv I 1 1
5. Longitudinal Studies 112
Basic Cognitive Data I I i
Expanded Cosjnitive Data 120
Practical Intelligence Data 125
Cognitive Slvle Data 128
Chapter Summarv 1 28
6. Studies of Cohort and Period Differences 133
Studies of Cohort Differences 1 i i
Studies of Period (Time-oi-Measurement) Differences 147
Interpretation and Application of Period Elfect Estimates 155
Chapter Summarv 1 57
7. Intervention Studies 158
Remediation Versus New Learning 158
The I98T 1984 Cognitive Training Studv 159
Replication of Cognitive Training Effects 172
Maintenance of Training 17?
The Role of Strategv Use in Training Success 182
Chapter Summarv 185
8. Methodological Studies 187
Changing From Sampling Without Replacement to Sampling With Replacement
(1974 Collateral Studv) 187
The Aging of Tests (1975 Studv) 192
Effects of Monetary Incentives 194
Effects of Experimental Mortalitv: The Problem of Participant Attrition 198
Effects of I^ractice in I?cpeated Testing 201
Controlling for Effects of Attrition atnl Practice hv an liKlependent Random
Sampling Design 201
Structural Equivalence 204
Chapter Summarv 216
9. The Relationship Between Cognitive Styles and Intellectual
Functioning 219
Does Flexihilitv-Rigiditv Represent an Independent Domain? 219
Docs I^igiditv rlc-xil>ilitv Affi'it the Maintetiatice (jf Inlelleelual Abilities Into
Old Age? 222
Relationships Between the l.atent Ahilitv Constructs and the Cognitive Style
Measures 229
Chapter Summary 232
10. Health and Maintenance of Intellectual Functioning 233
1 he Analysis ol Health llistoric>s 2 33
Age and Health Histories 2 35
Diseases That AlTeet Maintenance of Cognitive Functioning 236
More Comprehensive Analyses ol the F.llects ol Disease on Cognition 238
The Study ol I h'alth Behaviors 242
Intellectual Functionitig as a Predictor ol Physical Health 250
FOects of Social Support on Illness 252
Effects of Cognition on Medication Use 256
Cognitive Decline and the Prediction of Mortality 261
Chapter Summary 267
11. Lifestyle Variables That Affect Intellectual Functioning 269
Lifestyle Characteristics and Cognitive Functioning: Initial Analyses 270
Lifestyle Characteristics and Cognitive Functioning: More Recent Analyses 271
Family Similarity in Lifestyle Characteristics 277
Fffects of Work Characteristics and Retiretnent Status on Cognitive Functioning
279
Chapter Summary 28 3
12. The Sequential Study of Personality Traits and Attitudes 285
Social Responsihility 286
Other Personality Traits 286
The NLO Personality Inventory 301
Depression in Old Age 306
Chapter Summary 307
13. Influences of Personality on Cognition 309
Studying the Relation Between Personality and Cognition 309
Co/it iirn nf Ri'lalioiiships 310
j 1 }: ) J) ) ; i I » • '
14. Family Studies of liltcllcctual Ahilitics ill Adulthood .1)K
M.irrieil I'ouples HS
Iteli \aiue ol the Seattle 1 .oiigiluiliiial Sluils to Developmental Behavior Genetics
320
Parents and Adult Offspring 324
A<lult Siblings 341
Cha|)ter Summary 34 3
15. Subjective Perceptions of Cognitive Change 344
Perception ol Cognitive Change Over Sewn Years
Stabilitv of Congruence Tv|>es ^54
Perception of Short-Term Cognitive Change ant! ol Training I4Tei ls IhO
Chapter Summarv 165
16. Influences of Family Environment on Cognition 367
The .Measurement of Familv Environments l(i7
Influences ol Familv Environment on Cotiiiition 185
Chapter Summarv 191
17. The Role of Longitudinal Studies in the Early Detection
of Dementia 395
Genetic Markers of Dementia 196
Neuropsvchological Assessment ol [dementia in a Communitv-Dwellintj
Sample 197
Projectinji the CHRAD Batterv Into the Primarv Mental Abilities Construct
Space 401
The Postcliction of Neuro|>svchology Measures FTf>m the Primarv Mental Abililv
Scores 405
Predicting Risk of Dementia From Young A<lulth<j()d and Middle Age Primarv
Mental Abilitv Assessments 408
Chapter Summarv 415
18. Summary and Conclusions 416
The Course of Adult Intellectual Development 416
Methodological Advances in the Seattle Longitu<linal Stu<lv 42 1
Family Similaritv in Adult Intellectual Development 425
The Role of Personalitv and l.ilestvle Characteristics 426
Early Detection of Risk for Dementia 427
Relationship of the Empirical Data to the Conceptual Model 428
What We Still Need to Learn 411
Some Final Words 411