Determining mycotaxins and mycotoxigenic fungi in food and feed / edited by Sarah De Saeger.

Part I Determining mycotoxins in food and feed
1 Sampling strategies to control mycotoxins
B. Maestroni and A. Cannavan, Joint FAO/IAEA Division of
Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, International Atomic
Energy Agency (IAEA), Austria
1.1 Food safety and the requirements for international food trade
1.2 Principles of food and feed sampling for mycotoxin analysis
1.3 International guidance on sampling food and feed for
mycotoxin analysis
1.4 Uncertainty estimation and designing sound sampling plans for
mycotoxin analysis in food and feed
1.5 Quality assurance and quality control procedures in sampling
and arrival of the samples at the analytical laboratory
1.6 Strengthening national food control systems
1.7 Sources of further information and advice
2 Sample preparation and clean up in mycotoxin analysis: principles,
applications and recent developments
E. Razzazi-Fazeli and E. V. Reiter, University of Vetehnaiy
Medicine, Austria
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Methods used for extraction and clean up of mycotoxins
from complex matrices
2.3 Recent developments. .
2.4 Conclusions
2.5 Acknowledgements
2.6 References
3 Chromatographic separation techniques for determination of
mycotoxins in food and feed
G. S. Shephard, Medical Research Council, South Africa
3.1 Introduction.
3.2 Thin-layer chromatography in mycotoxin analysis of food
and feed
3.3 Gas chromatography in mycotoxin analysis of food and feed
3.4 High-performance liquid chromatography in mycotoxin
• analysis of food and feed
3.5 Electrophoretic separations in mycotoxin analysis of food
and feed
3.6 Future trends
3.7 Sources of further information and advice
3.8 References .
4 Mass spectrometry in multi-mycotoxin and fungal spore analysis .
M. C. Spanjer, Food and Consumer Product Safety Authority,
The Netherlands
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) methods
in multi-mycotoxin analysis
4.3 Liquid chromatographic aspects of multi-mycotoxin methods..
4.4 Mass spectrometric aspects of multi-mycotoxin methods
4.5 LC-MS aspects of multi-mycotoxin analysis
4.6 Future trends in liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry
analysis
4.7 Conclusions
4.8 Acknowledgements
4.9 References
5 Immunochemical methods for rapid mycotoxin detection in food
and feed .
I. Y. Goryacheva, Saratov State University, Russia and S. De Saeger,
Ghent University, Belgium
5.1 Introduction..
5.2 Antibody production and characterization
5.3 Specificity of immunochemical methods for rapid mycotoxin
detection in food and feed .
5.4 Microtiter plate enzyme-linked immunosorhent assay for
rapid mycotoxin detection in food and feed
5.5 Non-instrumental rapid tests for mycotoxin detection in food
and feed
5.6 Conclusions and future trends .
5.7 References .
Part II Quality assurance and official methods for determining
mycotoxins in food and feed
6 Official methods and performance criteria for determining mycotoxins
in food and feed .
H. Z. Senyuva, FoodLife International Ltd, Turkey and J. Gilbert,
FoodUfe International Ltd, UK
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Official control laboratories for determining mycotoxins in
food and feed.
6.3 Establishment of method performance criteria for determining
mycotoxins in food and feed .
6.4 Official methods for determining mycotoxins in food and feed
6.5 Literature publications of mycotoxin validation studies
6.6 Enforcement of mycotoxin regulations
6.7 Confirmation of results
6.8 Conclusions and future trends
6.9 References .
7 Ensuring the quality of results from food control laboratories:
laboratory accreditation, method validation and measurement
uncertainty
J. O. De Beer, Scientific Institute of Public Health, Brussels,
Belgium and C. Van Poucke, Laboratoiy of Food Analysis, Faculty
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Belgium
7.1 Introduction: why accreditation can be important for
laboratories
7.2 Laboratory accreditation and ISO 17025
7.3 Statistical method validation approach for ensuring the
quality of results from food control laboratories. .
7.4 Comparison of a routine method with a reference method for
validating the results from food and feed control laboratories
7.5 Measurement uncertainty in the results from food and feed
control laboratoiMcs
7.6 Conclusions and future trends .
7.7 References .
Part III Development and analysis of bioniarkers for mycotoxins
8 Developing bioniarkers of buman exposure to mycotoxins
M. N. Roiitledge and Y. Y. Gong, University of Leeds, UK
8.1 Introduction to hiornarkers of exposure
8.2 Bioniarkers of exposure for allatoxin . .
8.3 Biornar-kers of exposure for fumonisin .
8.4 Biomarkers of exposure for deoxynivalenol
8.5 Summary . .
8.6 References .
9 Developing mechanism-based and exposure biomarkers for mycotoxins
in animals
R. T. Riley and K. A. Voss, United States Department of Agriculture,
Agricultural Research Sendee, USA, R. A. Couloinbe, Department of
Veterinaiy Sciences, Utah State University, USA, J. J. Pestka,
Michigan State University, USA and D. E. Williams, Oregon State
University, USA
9.1 Background .
9.2 Atlatoxin B, .
9.3 Deoxynivalenol and other trichothecenes
9.4 Fumonisin . . ,
9.5 Ochratoxin A ,
9.6 Zearalenone .
9.7 Future trends
9.8 Acknowledgements .
9.9 References .
Part IV Determining mycotoxigenic fungi in food and feed
10 Rationale for a polyphasic approach in the identification of
mycotoxigenic fungi
J C. Frisvad, Technical University of Denmark, Denmark
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Mycotoxigenic fungi .
10.3 Identification methods
10.4 Molecular methods for identification
10.5 Conclusions
10.6 Acknowledgement.
10.7 References
11 Molecular identirication of mycoto.vigenic fungi in food and
feed . . .
F. Miinaut and F. Van Hove, Universite catholiqiie de Louvain,
Belgium and A. Moretti, National Research Council (CNR), Italy
11.1 Introduction.
11.2 Polymerase chain reaction (PGR) detection and quantification
using conserved genes .
11.3 Polymerase chain reaction detection and quantification using
anonymous DNA .sequences
11.4 Polymerase chain reaction detection and quantification using
mycotoxin biosynthesis pathway genes
11.5 Multistep strategies
11.6 Multiplex detection
11.7 Polymerase chain reaction-based methods
11.8 Novel technologies
11.9 Conclusion and future prospects
11.10 References
12 Identification of genes and gene clusters involved in mycotoxin
synthesis
D. W. Brown, R. A. E. Butchko and R. H. Proctor, United States
Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Seivice
(USDA-ARS), USA
12.1 Introduction.
12.2 Genetic basis for secondary metabolite bio.synthesis
12.3 Gene and gene cluster identification: pre-genomics .
12.4 Gene and gene cluster identification: early-genomics
12.5 Gene and gene cluster identification: post-genome genomics . .
12.6 Future trends
12.7 Acknowledgements
12.8 References
13 DNA barcoding of toxigenic fungi: a perspective
M. Santamaria, National Research Council (CNR), Italy
13.1 DNA barcode: a new opportunity to discriminate fungi species
13.2 Future trends in DNA barcoding of fungi
13.3 Sources of further information and advice about tbe DNA
barcode ...
13.4 References .
Part V Emerging methods for mycotoxin analysis in food and feed
14 Emerging bio-sensing methods for mycotoxin analysis
/. E. Tothill, Cranfield University, UK
14.1 Introduction..
14.2 Bioscn.sors as diagnostics tools in mycotoxin analysis
14.."^ Lab-on-a-chip for multiplex detection
14.4 Nanomaterials and their u.se in biosen.sors for rnycotoxin
analysis .
14.5 Electronic nose method for mycotoxin analysis
14.6 Future trends
14.7 Conclusions . .
14.8 Acknowledgements
14.9 References .
15 Masked mycotoxins in food and feed: challenges and analytical
approaches ..
J. Diana Di Mavnngn and S. De Saeger, Ghent University, Belgium
15.1 Introduction.
15.2 Occurrence of masked mycotoxins in food and feed
15..^ Analysis of masked mycotoxins in food and feed .
15.4 Conclusions
15.5 References .
16 Spectroscopic techniques for fungi and mycotoxins detection
C. B. Singh and D. S. Jayas, University of Manitoba, Canada
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Spectroscopic techniques
16.3 Applications
16.4 Summary . .
16.5 References.