Europa--the ocean moon: search for an alien biosphere/ Richard Greenberg.

Includes bibliographical references (p. [355]-373) and index.

PART ONE DISCOVERING EUROPA ................... 1
1 W ater W orld ................. ...................... 3
1.1 Life on a water world ................... ......... 3
1.2 Is this for real? .................................. . 4
1.3 Tides .......................................... 6
2 Touring the surface ................. .................. 7
2.1 The global picture ............................... 7
2.2 Zoom in to the regional scale ....................... 14
2.3 Zooming closer: surface morphology ................... 18
2.4 Ridges ................. ....................... . 20
2.5 Chaotic terrain ................................ . 23
3 Politics and intellect: Converting images into ideas and knowledge . . .. 29
3.1 Politics on board .................. .............. 31
3.2 M ethods of the geologists .......................... 32
3.3 The rule of canon law ............................ 34
3.4 Galileo in the 20th century ......................... 36
3.5 Technological obsolescence ........................... 38
PART TWO TIDES. .................... .......... 5
4 Tides and resonance .................................. 47
4.1 Act locally, think globally.......................... . 47
4.2 Tidal distortion-the primary component ................ 49
4.3 Galileo data, the Laplace resonance, and orbital eccentricity. . . . 51
4.4 The effect of orbital eccentricity-the variable component of the
tides .................. . ................... . . 54
4.5 Effects of tides ................... . ............. 57
5 Tides and rotation ............................... . ... 61
5.1 Synchronous rotation from the primary tidal component..... . . 61
5.2 Non-synchronous rotation from the diurnal tide . . . . . . . . ... 63
5.3 Rotational effects on Europa................... ..... 67
6 Tides and stress .................................... 71
6.1 Tidal stress due to non-synchronous rotation ............. 74
6.2 Tidal stress due to diurnal variation ........ ........... .. 80
6.3 Tidal stress: non-synchronous and diurnal stress combined . . .. 83
7 Tidal heating ...................................... 85
8 Tides and orbital evolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . .... 91
8.1 Orbital theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . ...... 91
8.2 Politics takes control ........ . .................. .. 97
PART THREE UNDERSTANDING EUROPA ............. . . 101
9 Global cracking and non-synchronous rotation ................. 103
9.1 Lineaments formed by cracking ................. ..... 103
9.2 The tectonic record of non-synchronous rotation ........... 105
9.3 How fast does Europa rotate? ................. ...... 112
9.4 Large-scale tectonic patterns-summary ............... 116
10 Building ridges ..................................... .. 117
10.1 Other ridge formation models ................. ...... 122
10.2 Downwarping, marginal cracking, multi-ridge complexes, and
dark m argins ................................... . 127
10.3 Cracking through to the ocean .. .............. .. ..... 131
11 Dilation of cracks ................................... . 133
12 Strike-slip ......................................... . 145
12.1 Displacement at Astypalaea .. .............. .... ..... 146
12.2 Tidal walking .................................. 145
12.3 Predicting strike-slip ............................. 151
12.4 Surveying strike-slip on Europa ................. ... . 157
12.5 Particularly-striking examples . . . . . . . . . . . . .... ....... .162
12.5.1 The greatest displacement champion . . . . . . . . . . ... 162
12.5.2 A time sequence of strike-slip . ................. 167
12.5.3 A long, bent, equatorial cycloid in RegMap 01... . . . 168
12.6 Polar wander ................... .............. 173
12.7 Strike-slip summary................... ........... 178
13 Return to Astypalaea ............................ 181
14 Cycloids .................................... ....... 191
15 Rotation revisited ................ .................. . 207
15.1 Cycloid constraints on the rotation rate ................. 207
15.2 Contradictions with previous work ................. . . . 210
15.3 Back to Udaeus-M inos .......................... . 211
16 Chaos ........ ...................................... 219
16.1 Characteristic appearance ...... ............ ....... . 219
16.2 Three hypotheses for formation of chaos ................ 227
16.3 Our survey .................. ................. 231
16.4 M elt-through .................................. . 238
16.5 Volcanism , not ................................. . 243
16.6 Heat for melt-through ............................ 247
17 Crust convergence ................................... . 251
17.1 Balancing the surface area budget ................. ... 251
17.2 Surface corrugations ............................. 252
17.3 Chaotic terrain as a surface area sink . ................. 254
17.4 Convergence bands .............................. 255
17.5 The Evil Twin of Agenor ......................... 258
18 The scars of impact ................... ............... 265
18.1 Gauges of age and crust thickness ................. . . .. 265
18.2 Numbers of impact features: Implications for surface age . . . . . 266
18.3 Appearance of impact features: Implications for ice thickness. .. 269
19 Pits and uplifts ..................................... 285
19.1 Undeniable (if you know what's good for you) facts ........ 285
19.2 The myth of pits, spots, and domes ...... ............. 287
19.2.1 PSDs and lenticulae ....................... . 291
19.2.2 Are any PSDs pits or domes? . ................. 293
19.2.3 Farewell to PSDs .......................... 295
19.3 Survey of pits and uplifts .......................... 297
19.3.1 Pit counts . . .. .. .. . .. .. . .. .. .. . . .. . . .. . .. 298
19.3.2 U plift counts ............................. 302
19.4 Formation of pits and uplifts .. .............. ....... 306
19.4.1 Survey results vs. the PSD taxonomy . . . . . . . . . .... 306
19.4.2 W hat are these things?................... .... 307
PART FOUR LIFE ON EARTH AND EUROPA .... . ..... 311
20 The bandwagon ..................................... 313
20.1 Strike-slip in thick ice ............................ 314
20.2 Overburden flexure ............................... 316
20.3 M elt-through bashing ............................. 318
20.4 Convection models. ............. ................ . 320
21 The biosphere ...................................... 323
21.1 D ream s of life .................. ............... 323
21.2 Thin ice on a water world ...................... ... . 324
21.3 Substances above and below ..................... . .. 326
21.4 Life in the crust ............................ .... 327
21.5 Planetary protection............................. . 331
21.5.1 The possibility of contamination ................ 331
21.5.2 Standards and risk ......................... 332
21.5.3 G etting it right ............................ 334
22 The exploration to come ....................... .......... . 337
22.1 Plans for future space missions .................. .... 337
22.2 Look in the ice .................................. 340
22.3 M othballed data ........................ ........ 342
22.4 Weird features: The exceptions that hold the keys .......... 343
22.4.1 The many-legged spider of Manannan. ............ 343
22.4.2 Disruption in the Sickle ................... ... 343
22.4.3 Short, curved double ridges within Astypalaea ....... 346
22.4.4 Isolated tilted rafts ......................... 346
22.4.5 Horsetail of Agenor ........................ 348
22.4.6 M ultiple-cusp cycloids . ...................... 348
22.4.7 Old-style bands ............................ 348
22.5 Self-correcting science ............................ . 352