Ancient society/ Lewis Henry Morgan.

Other Title:- Researches in the Lines of Human Progress from Savagery through Barbarism to Civilization.

TABLE OF CONTENTS
PART- I GROWTH OF INTELLIGENCE THROUGH INVENTIONS AND DISCOVERIES
Chapter 1. Ethnical Periods -- Progress of Mankind from the Bottom of the .Scale.—Illustrated by Inventions, Discoveries and Institutions—Two Plans of Government—one Gentile and Social, giving a Society (Societas); the other Political, giving a .State (Civitas)—The former founded upon Persons and Gentilism; the Latter upon Territory and Property—The First, the Plan of Government of .Ancient Society—The Second, that of .Modern or Civilized Society—Uniformity of Human Experience—Proposed Ethnical Periods— I. Lower .Status of .Savagery; II. Middle Status of Savagery; III. Upper .Status of Savagery; IV. Lower Status of B.iibari.srn; V. .Middle .Status of Birbarisrn; VI. Upper Status of Barbiristn; VII. .Status of Civilization.

Chapter 2. Arts of .Subsistence. -- Supremacy of Mankind over the Earth—Control over .Subsistence the Condition—Mankind alone gained that Control Successive Arts of Subsistence—I. Natural Subsistence; II. Fish Subsistence; III. Farinaceous .Subsistence; IV. Meat and Milk .Subsistence; V. Unlimited Subsistence through Field Agriculture—Long Intervals of Time between them

Chapter 3. Ratio of Human Progress -- Retrospect on the Lines of Human Progress—Principal Contributions of Modern Civilization—Of Ancient Civilization— Of Later Period of Barbarism—Of Middle Period—Of Older Period—Of Period of Savagery—Humble Condition of Primitive Man—Human Progress in a Geometrical Ratio—Relative Length of Ethnical Periods—Appearance of Semitic and Aryan Families.

PART II GROWTH OF THE IDEA OF GOVERNMENT
Chapter 1. Organization of Society upon the Basis of Sex. -- Australian Glasses—Organized upon Sex—Archaic Character of the Organization—Australian Gentes—The Eight Classes Rule of Marriage—Descent in the Female Line—Stupendous conjugal System—Two Male and Two Female Classes in each Gens—Innovations upon the Classes—Gens still Rudimentary

Chapter 2. The Iroquois Gens. -- The Gentile Organization—Its Wide Prevalence—Definition of a Gens—Descent in the Female Line the Archaic Rule— Rights, Privileges and Obligations of Members of a Gens— Right of Electing and Deposing its Sachem and Chiefs- Obligations not to marry in the Gens—Mutual Rights of Inheritence of the Property of deceased Members—Reciprocal Obligations of Help, Defense and Redress of Injuries—Right of Naming its Members—Right of Adopting Strangers into the Gens—Common Religious Rites, Query—A Common Burial Place—Council of the Gens—Gentes named after Animals— Number of Persons in a Gens.

Chapter 3. The Iroquois Phratry. -- Definition of a Phratry—Kindred Gentes Reunited in a Higher Organization—Phratry of the Iroquois Tribes—Its Composition—Its Uses and Functions—Social and Religious—Illustrations—The Analogue of the Grecian Phratry; but in its Archaic Form. Phratries of the Choctas—Of the Chickasas—Of the Mohegans—Of the Thlinkeets—Their Probable Universahty in the Tribes of the American Aborigines.

Chapter 4. The Iroquois Tribes. -- The Tribe as an Organization—Composed of Gentes Speaking the same Dialect—Separation in Areas led to Divergence of Speech and Segmentation—The Tribe a Natural Growth —Illustrations—Attributes of a Tribe—A Territory and Name —An Exclusive Dialect—The Right to Invent and Depose its Sachems and Chiefs—A Religious Faith and Worship—A Council of Chiefs—A Head-Chief of Tribe in some Instances --Three successive Forms of Gentile Government; First, a Government of One Power; Second, of Two Powers; Third, of Three Powers.

Chapter 5. The Iroquois Confederacy -- Confederacies Natural Growths—Founded upon Common Gentes and a Common Language—The Iroquois Tribes— Their Settlement in New York-Formation of the Confederacy—Its Structure and Principles-Fifty Sachemships created— Made Hereditary in certain Gentes—Number assigned to each Tribe—These Sachems formed the Council of the Confederacy—The Civil Council—Its Mode of Transacting Business—Unanimity Necessary to its Action—The Mourn ing Council—Mode of Raising up Sachems—General Military Commanders—This Office the Germ of that of a Chief Executive Magistrate—Intellectual Capacity of the Iroquois.

Chapter 6. Gentes in Other Tribes of the Ganowanian Family -- Divisions of American Aborigines—Gentes in Indian Tribes; with their Rules of Descent and Inheritance—I. Hodenosaunian Tribrs— II. D.ikotian—III. Gulf—IV. Pawnee—V. Algonkin— VI. Athapasco-Apache—VII. Tribes of Northwest Coast—Eskimos a Distinct Family—VIII. Salish, Sahaptin, and Kootenay Tribes—IX. Shoshonee—X. Village Indians of New Mexico, Mexico and Central America—XI. South American Indian Tribes—Prob.ible Universality of the Organization in Gentes in the Ganowanian Family

Chapter 7. The Aztec Confederacy -- Misconception of Aztec Society—Condition of Advancement Nahuatiac Tribes —Their Settlement in Mexico—Pueblo of Mexico founded, A.D. 1325—.Aztec Confederacy established, A.D. 1426—Extent of Territorial Domination —Probable Number of the People—Whether or not the Aztecs were organized in Gentes and Phratries—The Council of Chiefs— Its probable Functions—Office held by Montczuma—Elective in Tenure—Deposition of Montezuma—Probable Functions of the Office—.Aztec Institutions essentially Democratical— The Government a Military Democracy.

Chapter 8. The Grecian Gens -- Early condition of Grecian Tribes—Organized into Gentes Changes in the Character of the Gens—Necessity for a political System—Problem to be Solved—The Formation of a State—Grote's Description of the Grecian Gentes—Of their Phratries and Tribes—Rights, Privileges and Obligations of the Members of the Gens—Similar to those of the Ircquois Gens—The Office of Chief of the Gens—Whetlier Elective or Hereditary—The Gens the Basis of the Social System Antiquity of the Gentile Lineage—Inheritance of Property Archaic and Final Rule—Relationships between the Members of a Gens—The Gens the Centre of Social and Religious Influence.

Chapter 9. The Grecian Phratry, Tribe and Nation -- The Athenian Phratry—How Formed— Definition of Dikrearchus — Objects chiefly Religious—The Phratriarch—The Tribe -- Composed of Three Phratries—The Phylo-Basileus— The Nation—Composed of four Tribes—Boule, or Councile of Chiefs Agora, or Assembly of the People—The Basileus— Tenure of the Office, Military and Priestly Functions—Civil Functions not shown—Governments of the Heroic Age, Military Democracies—Aristotle's Definition of a Basileus—Later Athenian Democracy—Inherited from the Gentes—Its Power ful influence upon Athenian Development.

Chapter 10. The Institution of Grecian Political Society -- Failure of the Gentes as a Basis of Government—Legislation of Theseus Attempted Substitution of Classes—Its Failure— Abolition of the Office of Basileus—The Archonship Naucraries and Trittyes—Legislation of Solon—The Property Classes. Partial Transfer of Civil Power from the Gentcs to the Classes—Persons unattached to any Gens—Made Citizens The Senate—The Ecclesia—Political Society partially attained—Legislation of Cleisthenes—Institution of Political Society —The Attic Deme or Township—Its Organization and Powers—Its Local Self-government—The Local Tribe or District —The Attic Commonwealth—Athenian Democracy

Chapter 11. The Roman Gens. -- Italian Tribes Organized in Gentes—Founding of Rome— Tribes Organized into a Military Democracy—The Roman Gens—Definition of a Gentilis by Cicero—By Festus By Varro. Descent in Male Line—Marrying out of the Gens Rights, Privileges and Obligations of the Members of a Gens —Democratic Constitution of Ancient Latin Society Number of Persons in a Gens.

Chapter 12. The Roman Curia, Tribe and Populus -- Roman' Gentile Society—Four Stages of Organization— I. The Gens; 2. The Curia, consisting of Ten Gentes; 3. The Tribe, composed of Ten Curiae; 4. The Populus Romans composed of Three Tribes—Numerical Proportions—How Produced—Concentration of Gentes at Rome—The Roman Senate—Its Functions—The Assembly of the People Its Powers—The People Sovereign—Office of Military Commander (Rex)—Its Powers and Functions—Roman Gentile Institutions essentially Democratical.

Chapter 13. The Institution of Roman Political Society -- The Populus—The Plebeians—The Clients—The Patricians -- Limits of the Order—Legislation of Servius Tuelius—Institution of Property Classes—Of the Centuries—Unequal Suffrage-Comitia Centuriata—Supersedes Comitia Curiata -Classes supersede the Gentcs—Tiie Census—Plebeians made Citizens-Institution of City VVaids-Of Country Townships—Tribes increased to Four—Made Local instead of Consanguine—Character of New Political System-Decline and Disappearance of Gentile Organization—The Work 339 it Accoinplished.

Chapter 14. Change of Descent from the Female to the Male Line -- How the Change might have been made-Inhrritance of
Property the Motive-Descent in the Female Line among the Lyeiaiis-The Cretans-The Etruscans-Piobably among the Athenians in the time of Cecrops-The Hundred Families of theLocrians-Evidence from Marriages-Turanian System of Consanguinity among Grecian Tribes-Legend of the Danaide.

Chapter 15. Gentes in Other Tribes of the Human Family -- The Scottish Clan-The Irish Sept-Germanic Tribes- Traces of a prior Gentile System-Gentes in Southern Asiatic Tribes-In Northern-In Uralian Tribes-Hundred Families of Chinese-Hebrew Tribes-Composed of Genies and Gentes and Phratries Apparently -- Gentes in African Tribes -- In Australian Tribes -- Subdivisions of Fejees and Rewas -- Wide Distribution of Gentile Organization.

PART III GROWTH OF THE IDEA OF THE FAMILY
Chapter 1. The Ancient Family -- Five successive Forms of the Family—First, the Consanguine Family—It created the Malayan System of Consanguinity and Affinity—Second, the Punaiuan—It created the Turanian and Ganowanian System—Third, the Monogamian— It created the Aryan, Semitic, and Uralian system—The Syndyasmian and Patriarchal Families Intermediate—Both failed to create a System of Consanguinity—These Systems Natural Growths—Two Ultimate Forms—One Classificatory the other Descriptive—General Principles of these Systems— Their Persistent Maintenance of Gentile Organization.

Chapter 2. The Consanguine Family -- Former Existence of this Family—Proved by Malayan System of Consanguinity—Hawaiian System used as Typical—Five Grades of Relations—Details of System—Explained in its origin by the Intermarriage of Brothers and Sisters in a Group—Early State of Society in the Sandwich Islands-Nine Grades of Relations of the Chinese — Identical in Principle with the Hawaiian—Five Grades of Relations in Ideal Republic of Plato—Table of Malayan System of Consanguinity and Affinity

Chapter 3. The Punaluan Family -- The Punaluans Family supervened upon the Consanguine — Transition, how Produced —Hawaiian Custom of Punalua—Its probable ancient Prevalence over wide Areas—The Gcnies originated probably in Punaluan Groups —The Turanian System of Consanguinity —Created by liie Punaluan Family It proves the Existence of this Family when the Systetii was foj med —Details of System —Explanation of its Relationsliips in their Origin—Table of Turanian and Ganowanian Systems of Consanguinity and Affinity

Chapter 4. The Syndyasmian and the Patriarchal Families -- The Syndyasmian Family — How Constituted—Its Charac
teristics-Influence upon it of the Gentile Organization- Propensity to Pair a late Development —Ancient Society should be Studied where tiie highest Exemplifications are found —The Patriarchal Family- Paternal Power its Essential Cltaracieristic —Polygamy subordinate—The Roman Family similar- Paternal Power unknown in previous Families.

Chapter 5. The Monogamian Family -- This Family comparatively Modern—The Term Familia — Family of Ancictit Germans —Of HomCric Greeks —Of Civilized Greeks - Seclussion of Wives Obligations of Monogamy not respected by the Males -The Roman Family —Wives under Power —Aryan System of Consanguinity — It came in under Monogamy —Previous System probably Turanian- Transition from Turanian into Aryan—Romati and Arabic Systems of Consanguinity —Details of the Former —Present Monogamian Family—Table of Roman and Arabic Systems,

Chapter 6. Sequence of Institutions Connected with the Family -- Sequence in part Hypothetical —Relation of these Institutions in the Order of their Origination —Evidence of their Origination in the Order named —Hypothesis of Degradation
Considered—The Antiquity of Mankind

PART IV GROWTH OF THE IDEA OF PROPERTY
Chapter 1. The Three Rules of Inheritance -- Property in the Status of Savagery— Slow Rate of Progress- First Rule of Inheritance—Property Distributed among the Gentiles —Property in the Lower Status of Barbarism —Germ of Second Rule of Inheritance —Distributed among Agnatic Kindei ed — Improved Character of Man — Property in Middle Status —Rule of Inheritance imperfectly Known— Agnatic Inheritance Probable

Chapter 2. The Three Rules of Inheritance —Continued -- Property in the Upper Status of Barbarism —Slavery— Tenure of Lands in Grecian Tribes —Culture of the Period — Its Brilliancy. Third Rule of Inheritance—Exclusively in Children—Hebrew Tribes—Rule of Inheritance—Daughters of Zelophehad—Property remained in the Phratry, and probably in the Gens—The Reversion—Athenian Inheritance—Exclusively in Children—The Reversion—Inheritance remained in the Gens—Heiresses—Wills—Roman Inheritance—The Reversion—Property remained in the Gens —Appearance of Aristocracy—Property Career of the Human Race—Unity of Origin of Mankind