Computer fundamentals / Pradeep k. Sinha and Sinha, Priti

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
Characteristics of Computers
Evolution of Computers
Computer Generations.
First Generation (1942-1955)
Second Generation (1955-1964)
Third Generation (1964-1975)..
Fourth Generation (1975-1989)
Fifth Generation (1989-Present).
CHAPTER 2: BASIC COMPUTER ORGANIZATION
Input Unit...
Output Unit.
Storage Unit
Arithmetic Logic Unit
Control Unit
Central Processing Unit
The System Concept
CHAPTER 3: NUMBER SYSTEMS .
Non-Positional Number Systems
Positional Number Systems
Binary Number System
Octal Number System
Hexadecimal Number System.
Converting from One Number System to Another
Converting from Another Base to Decimal
Converting from Decimal to Another Base (Division-Remainder Technique)
Converting from a Base Other Than 10 to Another Base Other Than 10
Shortcut Method for Binary to Octal Conversion
Shortcut Method for Octal to Binary Conversion
Shortcut Method for Binary to Hexadecimal Conversion
Shortcut Method for Hexadecimal to Binary Conversion
Fractional Numbers
CHAPTER 4; COMPUTER CODES
BCD Code
EBCDIC
Zoned and Packed Decimal Numbers.
ASCII
Unicode..
Need for Unicode?
Unicode Features
Unicode Encoding Forms
Collating Sequence
CHAPTER 5: COMPUTER ARITHMETIC
Why Binary?
Binary Arithmetic.
Addition
Subtraction.
Multiplication
Division.
CHAPTER 6: BOOLEAN ALGEBRA AND LOGIC CIRCUITS
Boolean Algebra
Fundamental Concepts of Boolean Algebra.
Postulates of Boolean Algebra
The Principle of Duality
Theorems of Boolean Algebra,
Boolean Functions
Minimization of Boolean Functions
Complement of a Function
Canonical Forms of Boolean Functions
Conversion Between Canonical Forms
Logic Gates.
AND Gate
OR Gate..
NOT Gate
NANDGate..
NOR Gate
Logic Circuits.
Converting Expressions to Logic Circuits
The Universal NAND Gate
The Universal NOR Gate
Exclusive-OR ana Equivalence Functions
Design of Combinational Circuits
Design of Half-Adder
Design of Full-Adder.
A Parallel Binary Adder
HAPTER 7: PROCESSOR AND MEMORY
Central Processing Unit (CPU)
Control Unit (CU)
Arithmetic Logic unit (alu)
Instruction Set
Registers
Processor Speea
Types of Processors
Main Memory
Storage Evaluation Criteria
Main Memory Organization.
Main Memory Capacity
RAM, ROM, PROM and EPROM .
Cache Memory
1APTER 8: SECONDARY STORAGE DEVICE^
/
Sequential and Direct-Access Devices
Magnetic Tape
Basic Principles of Operation
Types of Magnetic Tapes
Advantages and Limitations of Magnetic Tapes
Uses of Magnetic Tapes
Magnetic Disk
Basic Principles of Operation.
Types of Magnetic Disks
Advantages and Limitations of Magnetic Disks.
Uses of Magnetic Disks
Optical Disk
Basic Principles of Operation
Types of Optical Disks
Advantages and Limitations of Optical Disks..
Uses of Optical Disks
Memory Storage Devices
Flash Drive (Pen Drive).
Memory Card (SD/MMC)
Mass Storage Devices
Disk Array
Automated Tape Library.
CD-ROM Jukebox
Storage Hierarchy
CHAPTER 9: INPUT-OUTPUT DEVICES,
input Devices
Keyboard Devices
Point-and-Draw Devices
Data Scanning Devices
Digitizer
Electronic-card Reader
Speech Recognition Devices
Vision-Input System
Output Devices .
Monitors
Printers.
Plotters
Screen Image Projector
Voice Response Systems
CHAPTER 10: COMPUTER SOFTWARE
What is software?
Relationship between Hardware and Software
Types of Software.,
System Software
Aoplication Software
Logical System Architecture
Acquiring Software
Buying Pre-wht'ten Software
Ordering Customized Software
Developing Customized Software
Downloading Public-domain Software
Software Development Steps
Firmware
Middleware
CHAPTER 11: PLANNING THE COMPUTER PROGRAM
Purpose of Program Planning
Algorithm
What is an Algorithm?
Sample Algorithms
Representation of Algorithms
Flowcharts
What is a Flowchart?
Why Use Flowcharts?
Flowchart Symbols
Sample Flowcharts
Levels of Flowcharts
Flowcharting Rules
Advantages and Limitations of Flowcharts
Pseudocode
What is Pseudocode?
Pseudocodes for Basic Logic (Control) Structures
Sample Pseudocode
Advantages and Limitations of Pseudocode
CHAPTER 12: COMPUTER LANGUAGES
Analogy with Natural Languages
Machine Language
Advantages and Limitations of Machine Language
Assembly Language
Assembler
Advantages of Assembly Language over Machine Language
Limitations of Assembly Language
Assembly Languages with Macro instructions.
High-level Language
Compiler
Linker
Interpreter
Intermediate Languase Compiler and Interpreter
Advantages and Limitations of High-level Languages
Object-Oriented Programming Languages
Some High-level Languages
FORTRANCOBOL
BASIC..
Pascal..
C and C++
Some More High-level Languages.
Java
Of
RPC
LISP
SNOBOL
Characteristics of a Good Programming Language
Selecting a Language for Coding an Application
Subprogram
CHAPTER 13: SYSTEM IMPLEMENTATION AND OPERATION
Testing and Debugging
Definition of Testing and Debugging
Types of Program Errors
Testing a Program
Debugging a Program for Syntax Errors
Debugging a Program for Logic Errors
Difference between Testing and Debugging
Documentation
What is Documentation?
Need for Documentation
Forms of Documentation
Changeover to the Ne>v System
Changeover Operations
Changeover Methods
System Evaluation
System Maintenance
CHAPTER 14: OPERATING SYSTEMS
What is an Operating System?
Main Functions of an Operating System
Measuring System Performance
Process Management
Process Management in Early Systems
Multiprogramming.
Multitasking
Multithreading.
Multiprocessing
Time-sharing
Memory Management.
Uniprogramming Memory Model
Multiprogramming Memory Models
Virtual Memory
File Management
File Access Methods
File Operations.
File Naming
Security
Command Interpretation
OS Capability Enhancement Software
Translating Programs
Library Programs
Utility Programs.
Some Popular Operating Systems
UNIX
MS-DOS
Microsoft Windows
Microsoft Windows ni
Linux
CHAPTER 15: APPLICATION SOFTWARE PACKAGES,
Word-Processing Package
What it is?.
Commonly Supported Features
Spreadsheet Package
What it is?
Commonly Supported Features
Graphics Package
What it is?
Commonly Supported Features
Personal Assistance Package
What it is?
Commonly Supported Features
CHAPTER 16: BUSINESS DATA PROCESSING.
What is Data Processing?
Data Storage Hierarchy
Standard Methods of Organizing Data
File-oriented Approach.
Database-oriented Approach
File Management System,
File Types
File Organizations
File Utilities
Database Management System
Database Models
Main Components of a DBMS
Creating and Using a Database
CHAPTER 17: DATA COAAMUNICATlONS AND COMPUTER NETWORKS
Basic Elements of a Communication System
Data Transmission Modes
Data Transmission Speed
Data Transmission Media.
Tvristed-Pair Wire
Coaxial Cable
Microwave System
Communications Satellite
Optical Fibers
Digital and Analog Data Transmission
Modulation Techniques
Modems
Analog versus Digital Transmission
Data Transmission Services
Multiplexing Techniques
Asynchronous and Synchronous Transmission
Asynchronous Transmission
Synchronous Transmi<rinn
Switching Techniques
Circuit Switching
Message Switching
Packet Switching.
Routing Techniques.
Network Topologies.
Star Network
Ring Network
Completely Connected Network
Multi-access Bus Network
Hybrid Network
Network Types (LAN, WAN, and MAN)
Communication Protocols
Roles of a Communication Protocol
Concept of Layered Protocols in Network Design
. Network Interface Cards
The OSI Model
Example of Message Transfer in the OSI Model
Internetworking Tools
Wireless Networks
Types of Wireless Computing Systems
Issues in Wireless Computing Systems
Wireless Applications.
Wireless Technologies
Distributed Computing Systems
CHAPTER 18; THE INTERNET
Definition (What it is?)
Brief History
Its Basic Services.
Electronic Mail
File Transfer Protocol
Telnet..
Usenet News
The World Wide Web
WWW Browsers
Uses of the Internet
CHAPTER 19: MULTIMEDIA
What is Multimedia?
What is a Multimedia Computer System!
Multimedia Components
Text
Graphics
Animation
Audio
Video
Multimedia Applications
Media Center Computer
Media Center PC Features and Functionalities.
CHAPTER 20: CLASSIFICATION OF COMPUTERS
Notebook Computers (laptops).
Personal Computers (PCs)
Workstations
Mainframe Systems
Supercomputers
Client and Server Computers
Handheld Computers.
Tablet PC
PDA/Pocket PC
Smartphone
CHAPTER 21: INTRODUCTION TO C PROGRAAAMING LANGUAGE
Introduction
Character Set, constants, Variables, Keywords, and Comments..
Character Set
Constants
Variables
Keywords
Comments
Operators
Statements
Performing Simple I/O Operations in C.
Preprocessor Directives
Pointers, Arrays, and Strings
Pointers
Arrays
Strings
User Defined Data Types
Structure
Union
Control Structures.
Loop Structures.
Functions
Sample Programs