Programming with C/ Byron Gottfried ; Jitender Chhabra

1. introductory CONCEPTS
1-1 Introduction to Computers 1.2
1.2 What is a Computer 1.2
1-3 Block Diagram of Computer 1.2
1-4 Computer Characteristics L3
1.5 Hardware vs Software 1.6
1.6 How to Develop a Program 1.10
1.7 Software Development Life Cycle }. 12
1.8 Structured Programming 1.12
1.9 Modes of Operation 1.14
1.10 Types of Programming Languages 1.17
1.11 Introduction to C 1.17
1.12 Desirable Program Characteristics 1.21
Review Questions 1.21
Problems 1.23
2. INTRODUCTION TO C PROGRAMMING
2.1 The Character Set 2. /
2.2 Writing First Program ofC 2.1
2.3 Identifiers and Keywords 2.3
2.4 AMore Useful CProgram 2.5
2.5 Entering the Program into the Computer 2.6
2.6 Compiling and Executing the Program 2.9
2.7 Datatypes 2.11
2.8 Constants 2.12
2.9 Variables and Airays 2.20
2.10 Declarations 2.22
2.11 Expressions 2.25
2.12 Statements 2.26
2.13 - Symbolic Constants 2.27

Frequently Asked Questions 2.32
Contents vll
3. OPERATORS AND EXPRESSIONS 3.1 - 3.26
3.1 Arithmetic Operators 3.1
3.2 Unary Operators 3.6
3.3 Relational and Logical Operators 3.10
3.4 ^signmentOperators 3.13
3.5 The Conditional Operator 3.16
3.6 Library Functions 3.18
Review Questions 3.21
Problems 3.22
Frequently Asked Questions 3.25
4. DATA INPUT AND OUTPUT 4.1 - 4.38
4.1 Preliminaries 4.1
4.2 Single Character Input—^The Getchar Function 4.2
4.3 Single Character Output—^The Putchar Function 4.3
4.4 Entering Input Data—^The
Scanf Function 4.4
4.5 More about the Scanf Function 4.8
4.6 Writing Output Data—^The Printf Function 4.13
4.7 More about the Printf Function 4.18
4.8 The Gets and Puts Functions 4.25
4.9 Interactive (Conversational) Programming 4.25
Review Questions 4.27
Problems 4.29
Frequently Asked Questions 4.36
5 PREPARINGAND RUNNINGA COMPLETE C PROGRAM 5.1 - 5.20
5.1 Planning a C Program 5.1
5.2 Writing a C Program 5.3
5.3 Error Diagnostics 5.5
5.4 Debugging Techniques 5.10
Review Questions 5.17^~
Problems 5.18
Programming Problems 5.18
Frequently Asked Questions 5.19
6 CONTROL STATEMENTS 6.1 - 6.62
6.1 Preliminaries 6.1
6.2 Branching: The if-else Statement 6.3
6.3 Looping: The While Statement 6.8
6.4 More Looping: The Do—^While Statement 6.12
6.5 Still More Looping:The For Statement 6.15
via Contents
6.6 Nested Control Structures 6.18
6.7 The Switch Statement 6.29
6.8 The Break Statement 6.37
6.9 The Continue Statement 6.40
6.10 The Comma Operator 6.42
6.11 The Goto Statement 6.46
Review Questions 6.48
Problems 6.50
Programming Problems 6.54
Frequently Asked Questions 6.59
7. FUNCTIONS 7.1-7.40
7.1 A Brief Overview 7.2
7.2 Defining a Function 7.3
7.3 Accessing a Function 7.7
7.4 Function Prototypes 7.10
7.5 Passing Arguments to a Function 7.18
7.6 Recursion 7.23
Review Questions 7.30
Problems 7.31
Programming Problems 7.35
Frequently Asked Questions 7.37
8. PROGRAM STRUCTURE 8.1-8.40
8.1 Storage Classes 8.1
8.2 Automatic Variables 8.2
8.3 External (Global) Variables 8.5
8.4 Static Variables 8.11
8.5 Multi File Programs 8.14
8.6 More About Library Functions 8.24
Review Questions 8.26
Problems 8.27
Programming Problems 8.34
Frequently Asked Questions 8.38
9. ARRAYS 9.1-9.42
9.1 Defining an Array 9.1
9.2 Processing an Array 9.6
9.3 PassingArrays to Functions 9.9
9.4 Multidimensional Arrays 9.22
Review Questions 9.29
Problems 9.30
Programming Problems 9.35
Frequently Asked Questions 9.40
Contents Ix
10. STRINGS 10.1 -10.22
10.1 Defining a string 10.1
10.2 NULL Character 10.2
10.3 Initialization of Strings 10.2
10.4 Reading and Writing a String 10.3
10.5 Processing the Strings 10.6
10.6 Character Arithmetic 10.12
10.7 Searching and Sorting of Strings 10.14
10.8 Some More Library Functions for Strings 10.18
Review Questions 10.18
Problems 10.19
Programming Problems 10.20
Frequently Asked Questions 10.21
11. POINTERS 11.1-11.68
11.1 Fundamentals 11.1
11.2 Pointer Declarations 11.4
11.3 Passing Pointers to a Function 11.6
11.4 Pointers and One-dimensional Arrays 11.14
11.5 Dynamic Memory Allocation 11.18
11.6 Operations on Pointers 11.20
11.7 Pointers and Multidimensional Arrays 11.24
n.8 Arrays of Pointers 11.29
11.9 Passing Functions to other Functions 11.41
11.10 More about Pointer Declarations 11.49
Review Questions 11.52
Problems 11.53
Programming Problems 11.62
FrequentlyAskedQuestions 11.65
12. STRUCTURES AND UNIONS 12.1-12.76
12.1 Defining a Structure 12.1
12.2 Processing a Structure 12.7
12.3 User-Defined Data Types (lypedef) 12.20
12.4 Structures and Pointers 12.23
12.5 Passing Structures to Functions 12.28
12.6 Self-Referential Structures 12.40
12.7 Unions 12.55
Review Questions 12.63
Problems 12.64
Programming Problems 12.70
Frequently Asked Questions 12.73
X Contents
13. FILE HANDLING 13.1-13.42
13.1 Why Files 13.1
13.2 Opening and Closing a Data File 13.2
13.3 Reading and Writing a Data File 13.4
13.4 Processing a Data File 13.13
13.5 Unformatted Data Files 13.20
13.6 Concept of Binary Files 13.25
13.7 Accessing the File Randomly (Using Fseek) 13.28
ReviewQuestions 13.35
Problems 13.35
Programming Problems 13.38
Frequently Asked Questions 13.40
14. LOW-LEVEL PROGRAMMING ~
14.1 Register Variables 14.1
14.2 Bitwise Operations 14.4
14.3 Bit Fields 14.15
Review Questions 14.24
Problems 14.25
Programming Problems 14.27
Frequently Asked Questions 14.29
15. ADDITIONAL FEATURES OF C
15.1 Enumerations 15.1 ,
15.2 CommandLine Parameters 15.7
15.3 More About Library Functions 15.10
15.4 Macros 15.11
15.5 TheC Preprocessor 15.20
Review Questions 15.23
Problems 15.24
Programming Problems 15.28
Frequently Asked Questions 15.30
Appendix A Number Systems g ^
Appendix B Escape Sequences
Appendix C Operator Summary D1-D2
Appendix DData Types and Data Conversion Rules •
Appendix E Tiie ASCII Character Set
Appendix F Control Statement Summary
Appendix G Commonly Used Scanf HI —H.4
Appendix H Library Functions ^ 3^