Distorions to agricultural incentives in Europe`s transition economies/ edited by Kym Anderson and Johan Swinnen

Part I. Introduction
1. Introduction and overview, by Kym Anderson and Johan Swinnen
Part II. Eastern Europe
2. New EU member countries, by Pavel Ciaian and Johan Swinnen
3. Turkey, by Alison Burrell and Marianne Kurzweil
Part III. Commonwealth of Independent States
4. Russia, by Bill Liefert and Olga Liefert
5. Ukraine, by Stephan von Cramon-Taubadel, Oleg Nivyevski, Emanuel Elsner von der Malsburg and Veronika Movchan
6. Kazakhstan, by Richard Pomfret
7. Kyrgyz Republic, by Garry Christensen and Richard Pomfret
8. Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan, by Richard Pomfret
Appendix 1: Economic and trade indicators for the ECA region, 1990 to 2004, by Damiano Sandri, Ernesto Valenzuela and Kym Anderson
Appendix 2: Methodology for measuring distortions to agricultural incentives, by Kym Anderson, Marianne Kurzweil, Will Martin, Damiano Sandri and Ernesto Valenzuela
Index
Figures
Figure 1.1: Nominal rates of assistance to agriculture, ECA countries, 1992 to 2005
Figure 1.2: Nominal rates of assistance to agriculture, individual ECA countries, 2000-03
Figure 1.3: Nominal rates of assistance, by product, ECA countries, 1992-95 and 2000-03
Figure 1.4: Applied weighted average tariffs, CEE countries, 2001-03
Figure 1.5: Relative rates of assistance to agriculture, ECA countries, 1992-95 and 2000-03
Figure 1.6: Net exports as a ratio of the sum of exports and imports of agricultural and food products, ECA countries, 1996 to 2004
Figure 2.1: Crop and livestock output changes, CEE-10, 1989 to 2000
Figure 2.2: Sectoral output changes, CEE-10, 1990 to 2001
Figure 2.3: Agricultural trade, CEE-10, 1989 to 2004
Figure 2.4: Nominal rates of assistance to exportable, import-competing and all agricultural industries, CEE-10, 1992 to 2003
Figure 2.5: Nominal rate of assistance to agriculture, CEE-10 countries, 2000
Figure 2.6: Nominal rates of assistance to various agricultural industries, CEE-10, 2000
Figure 2.7: Nominal rates of assistance to agricultural and non-agricultural tradable sectors, and relative rate of assistance, CEE-10, 1992 to 2003
Figure 3.1: Agricultural trade, Turkey, 1961 to 2005
Figure 3.2: Agricultural producer support estimates, Turkey, 1986 to 2005
Figure 3.3: Nominal rates of assistance to exportable, import-competing and total agriculture, Turkey, 1961 to 2005
Figure 3.4: Relative rate of assistance to primary agriculture, Turkey, 1961 to 2005
Figure 3.5: Nominal rates of assistance including and excluding product-specific and non-product-specific (NPS) support, Turkey, 1986 to 2005
Figure 4.1: Nominal rates of producer assistance and consumer tax equivalents, Soviet Union, 1986
Figure 4.2: Changes in output during transition, Russia, 1990 to 2004
Figure 4.3: Nominal rate of assistance for agricultural importables and exportables, Russia, 1992 to 2005
Figure 4.4: Decomposition of nominal assistance to agricultural producers, Russia, 1992 to 2005
Figure 4.5: Agricultural price gaps and tariffs, Russia, 1992 to 2003
Figure 4.6: Foreign exchange rate, agricultural producer assistance, and producer prices, Russia, 1991 to 2003
Figure 4.7: Relative rate of assistance to agriculture, Russia, 1992 to 2005
Figure 5.1: Gross agricultural output by farm type, Ukraine, 1990 to 2005
Figure 5.2: Nominal rates of assistance to agriculture, Ukraine, 1992 to 2005
Figure 5.3: Nominal rates of assistance to agriculture and non-agriculture, and relative rate of assistance, Ukraine, 1992 to 2005
Figure 5.4: The composition of farm producer support, Ukraine, 1992 to 2005
Figure 5.5: Wheat prices, Ukraine and the international market, 2000 to 2006
Figure 6.1: Nominal rate of assistance for key agricultural productsa, Kazakhstan, 2000 to 2004
Figure 7.1: Macroeconomic performance, Kyrgyz Republic, 1993 to 2005
Figure 7.2: Nominal rates of assistance for key agricultural products,a Kyrgyz Republic, 1993 to 2004
Figure 8.1: International price of cotton, 1990 to 2005
Figure 8.2: The market for cotton in Uzbekistan
Figure A2.1: The domestic market for foreign currency
Tables
Table 1.1: Key economic and trade indicators, ECA countries, 2000-04
Table 1.2: Memberships of international organization, ECA countries, 1993 to 2004
Table 1.3: Growth of real GDP, ECA countries, 1990 to 2004
Table 1.4: Sectoral shares of GDP, ECA countries, 1992 to 2004
Table 1.5: Agriculture¿s shares of employment, ECA countries, 1992 to 2003
Table 1.6: Sectoral shares of merchandise exports, ECA countries, 1995 and 2004
Table 1.7: Index of revealed comparative advantage in agriculture and processed food, ECA countries, 1995 and 2004
Table 1.8: Exports of goods and services as a percentage of GDP, ECA countries, 1995 and 2004
Table 1.9: Nominal rates of assistance to agriculture, ECA countries, 1992 to 2005
Table 1.10: Status of agricultural price and market reforms in ECA countries, 1997 to 2002
Table 1.11: Trade bias index, ECA countries, 1992 to 2005
Table 1.12: Standard deviation of nominal rates of assistance to agriculture, ECA countries, 1992 to 2005
Table 1.13: Relative rates of assistance to agriculture, CEECs and other ECA countries, 1992 to 2005
Table 1.14: Consumer tax equivalents for food products, ECA countries, 1992 to 2005
Table 1.15: Relative per capita income, agricultural comparative advantage index, and nominal and relative rates of assistance to agriculture, ECA countries, 2000-03
Table 1.16: Growth in cotton area and production, and seed cotton price, Central Asia, 1993 to 2003
Table 2.1: Real agricultural income per annual work unit in CEE-10 after EU accession
Table 2.2: Nominal rates of assistance to agricultural industries, CEE-10, 1992 to 2003
Table 2.3: Nominal rates of assistance to agricultural and non-agricultural sectors, and relative rate of assistance, CEE-10, 1992 to 2003
Table 2.4: Consumer tax equivalent for food products, CEE-10 countries, 1992 to 2003
Table 2.5: Political economy regression results, CEE-10 countries
Table 3.1: Direct income support scheme, Turkey, 2001 to 2005
Table 3.2: Nominal rates of assistance to agricultural industries, Turkey, 1961 to 2005
Table 3.3: Nominal rates of assistance to agriculture, to non-agricultural sectors, and relative rate of assistance, Turkey, 1961 to 2005
Table 3.4: Summary of influences on the agricultural and food sectors of Turkey
Table 3.5: Consumer tax equivalent for food products, Turkey, 1986 to 2005
Table 4.1: Importance of the agro-food sector in the economy, Russia 1990 and 2003
Table 4.2: Nominal and relative rates of assistance to agricultural producers, Russia, 1992 to 2005
Table 4.3: Nominal rates of assistance to agricultural producers, by commodity, Russia, 1992 to 2005
Table 4.4: Agricultural trade, Russia, 1992 to 2004
Table 4.5: Changes in real agricultural producer prices, Russia, 1994 to 2002
Table 4.6: Consumer tax equivalents for various foods, Russia, 1992 to 2005
Table 5.1: Major economic indicators and production of key agricultural products, Ukraine, 1960 to 2005
Table 5.2: Sectoral tariffs and non-tariff indices, Ukraine, 1993 to 2004
Table 5.3: Nominal rates of assistance and fiscal support for agriculture, Ukraine, 1992 to 2005
Table 5.4: Nominal rates of assistance for agricultural and non-agricultural products, Ukraine, 1992 to 2005
Table 5.5: Tax equivalents on prices paid for inputs into agricultural production, Ukraine, 1992 to 2005
Table 5.6: Consumer tax equivalents for various foods, Ukraine, 1992 to 2005
Table 5.7: Economic indicators for agriculture and food processing, Ukraine, 2000 to 2005
Table 6.1: Production of key agricultural products, Kazhakstan, 1980 to 2005
Table 6.2: Exports of key agricultural products, Kazakhstan, 1995 to 2004
Table 6.3: Value of agricultural exports and imports, by sub-sector, Kazakhstan, 2003
Table 6.4: Inventory of livestock by farm type, Kazakhstan, 1990 to 2002
Table 6.5: Budget transfers to agriculture, Kazakhstan, 2000 to 2005
Table 6.6: Import tariffs on agricultural products, Kazakhstan, 1996 to 1997
Table 6.7: Status of WTO accession negotiations for Kazakhstan, 1996 to 2005
Table 6.8: Nominal rate of assistance for wheat, Kazakhstan, 2000 to 2004
Table 6.9: Relative producer prices for wheat, rice and cotton lint, Kazakhstan, 1994 to 2002
Table 6.10: Nominal rate of assistance estimates for major agricultural products, Kazakhstan, 2000 to 2004
Table 6.11: Sensitivity analysis of assistance estimates, key agricultural products, Kazakhstan, 2000 to 2004
Table 7.1: Land resources and population, by oblast, Kyrgyz Republic, 1995 and 2001
Table 7.2: Basic economic and agricultural indicators, Kyrgyz Republic, 1992 to 2004
Table 7.3: Output growth and inflation, Kyrgyz Republic, 1991 to 2006
Table 7.4: Gross value of agricultural output, Kyrgyz Republic, 1990 and 2004
Table 7.5: Budget expenditure for agriculture and water resources, Kyrgyz Republic, 1993 to 2004
Table 7.6: Nominal rate of assistance for wheat, Kyrgyz Republic, 2000 to 2004
Table 7.7: Nominal rate of assistance for cotton, Kyrgyz Republic, 2000 to 2004
Table 7.8: Nominal rates of assistance, key agricultural products, Kyrgyz Republic, 1993 to 2004
Table 8.1: Demographic and economic indicators, Central Asia, 2003
Table 8.2: Farmland resources, Central Asia, 1999
Table 8.3: Macroeconomic performance, Central Asia, 1989 to 2006
Table 8.4: Cotton area harvested and output, Central Asia, 1992 to 2003
Table 8.5: Cotton output, Central Asia, 2004/5 season
Table 8.6: Output price for cotton, 1997 and 2003
Table 8.7: Cost of plant nutrients, Central Asia, mid-1990s
Table 8.8: Output of key crops and stocks of animals, Central Asia, 1992 to 2005
Table 8.9: Estimated transfers out of agriculture, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan, 1990s
Table 8.10: Cotton producer taxes and subsidies, Uzbekistan 2000 to 2004
Table 8.11: Cotton taxes and subsidies, Uzbekistan, 2004