TY - BOOK TI - Current studies on the Indus civilization SN - 9788173048593 (series) U1 - 954.01 LAW/C PY - 2011/// CY - New Delhi PB - Manohar Publishers & Distributors KW - Indus civilization KW - Excavations (Archaeology) KW - India KW - Antiquities N1 - "An earlier version of this work was published under the title Linguistic archaeology and the human past in 2008"--T.p. verso; Vol. 5: edited by Viveka Dangi; Vol. 8, pt. 1 (text) has subtitle: Inter-regional interaction and urbanism in the ancient Indus valley : a geological provinience study of Harappa's rock and mineral assemblage / Randall William Law ; v. 8, pt. 2: Appendices and references; TABLE OF CONTENTS Foreword Toshiki Osada i Preface Jonathan Mark Kenoyer iii Acknowledgements vii Dedication CHAPTER 1- OBJECTIVE, OVERVIEW AND THEORY, HARAPPA AND LINES OFINQUIRY i Chapter introduction - The principal research objective i Indus Civilization overview AND theoretical ORIENTATION j TtjeIndus Civilization ? Urbanism and itspreconditions 4 Inter-regional interaction, long-distance trade and the controlofessential resources 6 Rock and mineralartifacts andgeologicprovenience analysis 11 Harappa '5 Generallocation and layout 14 History ofdiscovery andresearch '4 Harappa's rock and mineralartifact assemblage ><5 Harappa's chronological/culturalsequence 17 Ravi Phase - Period i (> J300 BC-ca.iSoo BC) • . >9 Kot Diji Phase - Period i (ca.iSoo BC to i6oo BC) Harappa Phase - Period 3(i6oo BC to 1900 BC) Period 5A Period jB Period ?C Transitional and Late Harappa Phases - Periods 4&5(1900 BC tos C:HAI>TER 4- THE ROCK AND MINERAL. ARTEKACT ASSEMBLAtiE AT HARAPPA TROIUK TION - ORt.ANIZINti AND I'RESENTINC THK ROttK AND MINERAL ASSEMBLAGE Determining the comeosition oe the rock and mineral artieact assemblage 6» Major roc k and mineral varieties Steatite Microcrystalline silicates Chert Agate-Jasper Siliciclastic sedimentary rocks Copper and copper minerals Minor ROCK AND MINERAL VARIETIES Vesuvianite-Grossular Igneous andMetamorphic rocks Gypsum Limestone Chalk Variegated andfossiUferous limestone Lapis Lazuli go Crystalline quartz go Gold 8, "Emestite" 8j Amazonite 84 "Ochre"minerals 84 Lead minerals 85 Serpentine 85 Miscellaneous rock and mineral varieties 86 Almandinegarnet 86 Calcite 86 Fluorite 86 Fossils 88 Kaolinite claystone 88 Mica 88 Nephritejade 88 Prehnite 89 Sulfur 89 Tourmaline 89 Turquoise 89 Material varieties at Harappa known only from previous excavations 9, Silver 91 Arsenical minerals: Lollingite and Orpiment 92, Fuller's F.arth 9^ Spatial and temporal aspects of Harappas rock and mineral assemblage 9^ C.ontextualizing the rock and mineralassemblage 9^ The spatialand temporaldistribution ofthe rock and mineral assemblage 9, Spatialand temporal variations tn the rock and mineral assemblage 9^ Interpretation of the rock and mineral assemblage's composition and variability 100 79 ChapterCONCLUSION '°- CHAPTER5- GRINDINGSTONE ACQUISITION NETWORKS io? Chapter introduction-The importance of GRiNDiNGSTONES 103 Potential grindingstone sources in and around the upper Indus Basin 104 The Kirana Hills 104 The Sulaiman Range 107 The SaltRange 107 Bikanerarea occurrences 107 Thefoothills zone ofthe Himalayas 107 Tosham Hills andAravalli Outliers 107 Determining the geologic provenience of Harappa's grindingstones 113 The geologic provenience composition of Harappa's grindingstone assemblage 114 Pab sandstone 115 Delhi quartzite 119 Gray sandstone 111 Kirana Hills stone ' ^ i "Unknown" Provenience ' ^ 3 DIACHRONIC and spatial variations in grindingstone source utilization at HaRAPPA 11} Site-wise diachronic trends ingrindingstone source utilization ' ^S Ravi Phase - Period i (ca. 3300 BCto2800 BC) ' ^5 Kot Diji Phase - Period 2(2800 to 2600 BC) 116 Harappa Phase - Period3A (2600 to 2430 BC) iig Harappa Phase - Period3B (24^0 to 2200 BC) Harappa Phase - Period3C (2200 to 1900 BC) andsurface/disturbed contextfinds ,^^ TransitionalandLate Harappa Phase - Periods4 (ca. igoo to <1300 BC) ^ Discussion - Patterns of grindingstone acquisition and discard at Harappa ,3, Brief remarks on grindingstone AcquisiTiON patterns AT otherIndus cities , 2. Chapter conclusion 143 CHAPTER 6- CHERT ACQUISITION NETWORKS Chapter introduction-The three main types of chert AT Harappa ',44 Chert in the Greater Indus region ,, ,, I4S C,hert at Harappa Purple ch„t/c„.lchdonv.mhothbr m.mor E.kl, Har.pp., su„.var,et,e7. '.^9 Black-brown chert Potential iounes ofblack-hrawn chert I Sakcsar I.imcstonc. Salt Range, Punjab (.rtat I imcstonc, |ammu I Moro Formation. Bolan Pass. Balochistan , — INAA/CDA comparison ofblack chert artifacts to potential sources 161 Tan-Gray (Rohri?) CHERT i6j Rohri Hills, Sindh j<5^ Rohri 164 Adam Sultan KotDiji Kandarki j Otherpotentialsources oftan-gray chert ^ Mohmand Agency, NWFP ^ Kalat, Balochistan ^^^ BuriKhel, Salt Range, Punjab Tan-gray chertsources not included in this study , INAA/CDA comparison oftan-gray chert artifacts to potentialsources ,y^ Chapter CONCLUSION CHAPTER 7-STEATITE ACQUISITION NETWORKS 178 Chapter introduction - "steatite civilization" 178 Steatite in the Indus Tradition 179 The steatite assemblage at Harappaand samples selectedfor thisstudy 181 Steatite samplesfrom otherprehistoric sites 186 Identifying potential steatite sources for Indus Tradition peoples 189 Steatitepetrogenesis 189 Samplinggeologic sources 192 Steatite occurrences oftheGreater Indus region 19^ Steatiteoccurrences in Balochistan 193 Las Bela District 193 Kalat District 197 Zhob District 197 Steatite occurrences in theNWFP, FATA and Northern Areas 199 Kurram Agency 199 KhyberAgency 101 Peshawar District 101 Mohmand Agency 101 Chitral District 2,01 Northern Areas 2,02 Swat District ^04 Hazara District Steatite occurrences in the Himalayas Jammu and Kashmir 2^0^ Himachal Pradesh 2.07 Uttaranchai 208 Steatite occurrences in Rajasthan 2.08 Northern Rajasthan 109 Jhunjhunu District Z09 Alwar and Dausa districts 109 Southern Rajasthan 109 Dolomiticoccurrences sampled 11 z Ultramafic occurrences sampled 112 Steatiteoccurrences in Gujarat 211 Abriefnote onsteatite occurrences in other regions 11 j AGEOLOGIC PROVENIENCE STUDY OF STEATITE ARTIFACTS FROM HaRAPPA AND SEVEN OTHER SITES " ZI J Pastgeologicprovenience studies ofsteatite artifacts j^ Details andresults ofthe present study ^j^ Initial CDA and CA comparisons ofall steatite artifacts to the geologic sources 115 Unfired steatite artifacts from Harappa j Canonicaldiscriminantanalyses ^^, Cluster analyses 2^2^^ Interpretation ofthe results 1j1 Type associations ^j2 Addressing the three lines ofinquiry 2.3 4 Unfired steatite artifacts from othersites 2.41 Mohenjo-daro 143 Mitathal 2.4$ Mehrgarh and Nausharo 2.45 "Unknown" Loralai site Nagwada and GolaDhoro Tepe Hissar ^ 151 Addendum: Recent findings from Dholavira and Rakhigarhi ^^^ Summary AND DISCUSSION i54 Indus Tradition steatiteacquisition networks (provisional} ^ Heat-treatingsteatiteandthe desirefor "white-firing"stone ^^^ Chapter CONCLUSION i6i CHAPTER 8 - AGATE ACQUISITION NETWORKS 161 Chapter introduction - Sourcing Harappan agate z6i Geoloov and potential sources of agate .n the Greater Indus recon and beyond Theformation ofagateandagate deposits 165 Potential Harappan agate sources 166 Agate deposits in Gujarat 166 Southeastern Gujarat - Ratanpur area deposits Northern Gujarat 170 Khandek, Eastern Kutch 171 Mardak Bet, Little Rann ofKutch EasternGujarat and Saurashtra Agate deposits elsewhere in SouthAsia Peninsular, Centraland Eastern India o Z78 Northern deposits 179 Sindh and Balochistan z8o Agate deposits beyond the Greater Indus region Section conclusion 2,82 AGEOLOGIC PROVENIENCE STUDY OF AGATE ARTIFACTS FROM HaRAPPA AND FIVE OTHER SITES 183 Agatesource andproxy sourcesampks 283 Agate artifacts Artifacts from Harappa Artifacts from five other Indus Tradition sites ^gg Analysis andcomparison ^ Interpretation (andqualification) oftheresults Artifacts from Harappa Artifacts from the five other Indus Tradition sites Chapter CONCLUSION CHAPTER 9-VESUVIANITE-GROSSULARACQUISITION NETWORKS 300 Chapter Introduction - Harappan "Jade" The mineralogy OF VESUVIANITE-GROSSULAR jqq Characterization andidentificationof vesuvianite-grossular at Harappa 301 Is VESUVIANITE-GROSSULAR HaRAPPAN "JADE"? jOS Where didthe vesuvianite-grossular acquiredby Harappans come from? 307 Potential vesuvianite-grossular sources in India 3 Potential vesuvianite-grossularsources in Pakistan 3jj An INAA comparison ofvesuvianite-grossular artifacts to samples from three sources 3,2, Was vesuvianite-grossularexportedto Mesopotamia from the Greater Indus region? 316 Vesuvianite-grossular at Harappa and its association with "Ernestite" 318 Chapter conclusion 32.4 CHAPTER 10-ALABASTER ACQUISITION NETWORKS Chapter Introduction - The different forms of gypsum at Indus Civilization sites 315 Alabaster AT Harappa Potential sources of Harappan alabaster 319 Gypsum occurrences that are not alabastersources ^^^ Indus Alluvium/Thar Desert 32.9 Western Sindh 330 Gujarat Salt Range 333 The SulaimanRange 334 Kohat 33S Otherpotentialalabastersources 336 Afghanistan 336 Hazara(NWFP) 336 Jammu and Kashmir 336 Western Himalayas 336 Determining the geologic provenience of Harappan alabaster artifacts 337 Geologic background - Marine evaporites andisotope curvesforSand Srinseawater 337 The sulfur curve 338 The strontium curve 339 Sulfur andstrontium isotope analyses ofgeologic sources and Harappan artifacts ^40 Sulfur isotope analysis andresults Strontium isotope analysis and results j4 Bivariate plotting ofthe Sand Sr analysis data Chronologicalandspatialinterpretation ofalabasterprovenience determinations ^ Characterization of Mari "Diamonds" from Harappa j Chapter conclusion 352. CHAPTER 11-LIMESTONE ACQUISITIONNETWORKS 354 Chapter introduction - Limestone 354 Large limestone objects at Harappa and other Indus cities 554 Types OF limestone USED AT Harappa AND their potential sources Sandylimestones Banded yellow-brown andyellow-brown sandy limestone (BANDED) Bright yellow-red sandy limestone (GOLDEN) Gray-red sandy limestone (GRAY) Three possible source formations for the sandy limestones used at Harappa ^^4 Micritic and white chalky-porcelaneous limestones (MICRITICand WHITE) ^^j Section summary ^ Geologic provenience studies of Harappan limestone artifacts Past studies, choice ofinstrumentation andpresentation ofdata The archaeological andgeologic limestone datasets Sample preparation, analysis and data evaluation 373 Pilot study usinf^ the initialsample set ICP-MSanalysis of the initial set ^7S INAA of the initial set 376 ICP-AES analysis of the initial set ^-'6 Analysis of the expanded set using IC!P-AES (omparisons at the level ofgeologic formation ^ Banded yellow-brown and yellow brown sandy limestone ,^, Bright or "GOLDEN" yellow-red sandy limestone (Jaisalmer stone?) 383 GRAY-red sandy limestone 3^6 Micritic limestone 388 WHITE chalky porcelaneous limestone 388 Sectionsummary 39° Discussion - Large limestone objects at Harappa in context 591 Chapter conclusion 395 CHAPTER 12-LEAD,SILVERAND COPPER ACQUISITION NETWORKS 396 Chapter introduction - Metals 596 Lead, lead ARTIFACTS AND artifacts CONTAINING OR derived FROM LEAD 397 Lead ISOTOPEANALYSIS 397 EDTAsampling ofleadandsilver artifacts and analysis usingICP-MS J98 PresentingandplottingPb isotope data 4oo Lead AND SILVER The Pb isotope database ofpotential Harappan leadandsilversources 401 Lead deposits in Balochistan 403 Lead deposits in the NWFP 4os Lead deposits in Jammu and Kashmir 4o6 Lead deposits in Himachal Pradesh and Lfttaranchal 4o8 Lead deposits in Rajasthan and Gujarat 411 Lead deposits elsewhere in South Asia 4' 5 Lead deposits inOman and Iran 415 Afghanistan Plottingand evaluating the Pb isotope datafor South Asian lead deposits 4'7 Determining the probablegeologicproveniences ofleadartifactsfrom Harappa 4io Lead ores "Finished" lead artifacts 4i 3 Lead slags and lumps 42.6 Lead residues Isotopic assays ofleadandsilver artifactsfrom otherprehistoric sites 432- The sites and artifacts 43? Results Lead artifacts 441 Silver artifacts 44i Interpretation ofthe Pb isotope datafor lead and silver artifactsfrom allsites 443 Ongoing studies ofleadandsilver artifacts and sources 446 Copper Copper ore at Harappa 447 Ihe Phisotope database for copper ore sources 447 The Aravallis TheHimalayas 450 Sources westof the IndusValley 451 Iran 453 Oman 45} Analysis and results 454 Abriefnote onfurtherandongoingstudies ofHarappan copper 456 Comparison OF THE LEAD AND COPPER DATASETS 456 Chapter CONCLUSION 459 CHAPTER 13-SUMMARYANDDISCUSSION 461 Chapter INTRODUCTION 461 Summary 461 Ravi Phase - Period i (ca. 3300 BCto 2S00 BC) 463 Kot DijiPhase - Period2 (2800 to 2600 BC) 464 Harappa Phase - PeriodjA (2600 to 2450 BC) 464 Harappa Phase - PeriodjB (24^0 to2200 BC) 466 Harappa Phase - Period3C(2200 toipoo BC) 466 Transitionaland LateHarappa Phase - Periods 4&s (ca. 1900 to <1300 BC) 468 Provenience datafrom otherprehistoric sites - Seventh tothird millennium BC 468 Addressing the THREE LINES OF inquiry 471 Discussion 481 The development andnature ofHarappan rock andmineralacquisition networks 483 Competition andthe control ofessential resources 485 Harappan inter-cultural relationships Theprimary rock and mineral resource catchment areas ofIndus cities Harappas primary rock and mineral catchment area Projected primary catchment areas for other Indus Civilization cities Abriefconsideration ofundetected acquisition patterns at Harappa 496 Chapter conclusion CHAPTER 14 - CONCLUDING REMARKS Accomplishments andfuture directions APPENDICES APPENDIX 1.1: Provenience vs. Provenance. APPENDIX 2.1: Major divisions of geologic time. APPENDIX 2.1 Remarks and observations on the attr.t.on oe stone ,n r.vhrbeos APPENDIX 3.1: Mohs' Mineral Hardness scale. APPENDIX 4.1: X.RAV D.EERACT.ON analyses OE HaRAEEAN rock and mNERA,. art,pacts. APPENDIX 4.2: Representative XRD scans. 492. 491 495 499 500 Soo 505 506 so-' S'l sn S I s A.Steatite fragment H1000/2084-1 B. Steatite fragment Hiooo/898 j-3 C.Steatite fragment H95/5719-99 D. Copper ore fragment H90/1070-12 ^^^ E. Copper ore fragment H95/4943-8 ^^^ EComposite offour XRD scans ofvesuvianite-grossular garnet fragments ^^ G. Alabaster fragment H2000/9999-130 ^^g H. Lapis lazuliblocklet H2000/9999-77 I. "Ernestite" fragment Hiooo/3317-4 ^^g J. "Ernestite" fragment Hzooo/3317-3 K. "Ochre" fragment H90/3073-7.4 L."Ochre" fragment Hiooo/9999-121 M. Leadorefragment H90/3011-147 N. Lead orefragment H99/8857-1 O. Leadorefragment H90/3193-6 P. Serpentine fragment H94/4999-13 Q. Serpentine beadH2000/9508-2 R. Calcite fragment H2000/2110-77 S.Eluorite fragment H97/6977-7 T.Mica fragment H87/62. U. Prehnite fragment H96/6303-475 V. Sulfiir fragment 1^96/6219-43 W.Turquoise fragment H94/4999-213 X.Chagai "turquoise" sample from J.-E Jarrige APPENDIX 4.3:Characterization of two basalt artifacts using EMPA. APPENDIX 4.4: The Lapis Lazuli Question. Introduction ^^^g Lapis lazuli in Ancient South Asia ^^g Potential Harappan lapis lazuli sources ^^i Doubts about asource oflapis lazuli in the Chagai Hills ^^, Asulfur isotope study oflapis lazuli artifacts and source samples ^ ^ The sample set Samplepreparation and analysis ^^^ Results Recent lapis lazuli provenience research using othertechniques Conclusion APPENDIX 4.5: The "Ernestite" Problem. "Ernestite" XRD analysis of"Ernestite" EMPA of"Ernestite" 515 515 519 519 519 520 520 510 521 521 511 522 522 5i3 5iJ 52-4 52.4 515 540 541 541 544 544 547 Whatis"Ernestite" ? ^49 Where does "Ernestice" come from? ^^^ "Ernestite" as adrill-making material 55? Conclusion Addendum -A small test ^^ APPENDIX 4.6: A Late Harappan Kaolinite Bead. Discovery Identification VP-SEM 556 XRD 558 Conclusion APPENDIX 4.7: The identification, characterization and potential sources of a nephrite jade amulet recovered from the cemetery area at HaRAPPA. 561 Description and discovery 561 Identification and characterization S^ • XRD S6i yP-SEM Conclusion 5^5 Potential sources 5^ ? Possibilities for future studies S68 APPENDIX 5-1: All querns and mullers (whole and fragmentary) recovered from excavations and surveys at Harappa from 1986 to 1004. 569 APPENDIX 5.2: Grindingstones in the Harappa Museum from pre-1986 excavations. 591 APPENDIX 6.1:Elemental concentrations for 9 black chert artifacts from Harappa. 59^ APPENDIX 6.2: Elemental concentrations for black chert samples from the Bolan PassandJammu. 59? APPENDIX 6.3: Elemental concentrations forblack chert samples from Sakesar Limestone,Salt Range, s94 APPENDIX 6.4: Elemental concentrations fortan-gray chert artifacts from Harappa and Nagwada. 594 APPENDIX 6.5: Elemental concentrations fortan-gray chertsamples from four Rohri Hills locations. s9S APPENDIX 6.6: Elemental concentrations for tan-gray chert samples from Balochistan, the NWFP and the Punjab. APPENDIX 6.7: Standardized canonical discriminant function coefficients for figures in Chapter 6 generated using canonical discriminant analysis. APPENDIX 7.1: Type, context and CDA prediction information for the unfirko steatite artifacts from Harappa analyzed for this study. APPENDIX 7.2, Steatite delosits ,n Pakistan Am, In,,,A SAM,.,.En e<,r th,s stu„v, L. APPENDIX 7.3: INAA data for steatite ssaammipLletss c,„/.e„