Machine generated contents note: 1.1. importance of WTO oversight of government trade measures -- 1.2. Conceptual foundations of standards of review -- 1.2.1. definition of standards of review -- 1.2.2. Types of standards -- 1.2.3. Review of facts versus law -- 1.2.4. Rationales for standards of review -- 1.2.5. Standards applied in other relevant jurisdictions -- A. Australia -- B. United States -- C. France -- D. European Court of Justice -- E. Selected international dispute settlement bodies -- F. Assessment of other legal systems -- 1.3. Application of standards of review in the WTO -- 1.3.1. Relevancy, definitions and application -- 1.3.2. Institutional considerations and limitations within the WTO system -- 1.3.3. Usefulness of the domestic law analogy -- 1.4. Argument, methodology and chapter outlines -- 1.4.1. Summary of argument -- 1.4.2. Methodology -- 1.4.3. Chapter outlines -- 2.1. Introduction -- 2.2. General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 1947 -- 2.2.1. GATT 1947 -- 2.2.2. Tokyo Round Codes -- 2.2.3. GATT panel decisions -- 2.3. Uruguay Round negotiations -- 2.4. World Trade Organization -- 2.4.1. Decisions prior to EC-Hormones -- 2.4.2. EC-Hormones -- 2.4.3. Post EC-Hormones -- 2.4.4. anti-dumping standard of review -- 2.5. Conclusion -- 3.1. Introduction -- 3.2. Alternative standard of review models -- 3.2.1. sovereignty perspective and Chevron analogy -- 3.2.2. 'deliberation test' -- 3.2.3. 'reasonable regulator' test -- 3.2.4. De novo review -- 3.2.5. flexible standard of review -- 3.2.6. Other theoretical approaches: constitutionalization and harmonization -- 3.2.7. Deference based upon a 'margin of appreciation' or 'policy space' -- 3.3. Identification of principles for the development of a WTO standard of review -- 3.3.1. Relevant principles -- 3.3.2. Developing a standard that supports the key aims of WTO dispute settlement -- 3.3.3. Ensuring adjudicative legitimacy -- 3.3.4. Developing appropriate procedures -- A. Scope of fact-finding and expertise -- B. Efficiency -- C. Procedural fairness -- 3.4. Conclusion -- 4.1. Introduction -- 4.2. Features of a new general standard of review -- 4.2.1. requirement to examine all available and sufficient evidence -- 4.2.2. requirement to conduct a comprehensive review -- 4.2.3. Treatment of facts and law -- 4.3. Justifications for a new general standard of review -- 4.3.1. legal basis for developing a new standard of review -- 4.3.2. Assessment against relevant standard of review principles -- 4.3.3. Brief assessment against other standards of review -- 4.3.4. relationship with Article 17.6 of the Anti-Dumping Agreement -- 4.4. Conclusion -- 5.1. Introduction -- 5.2. application of a specific standard of review -- 5.2.1. threshold test for the modification of the general standard of review -- 5.2.2. method of construction of a specific standard of review -- 5.2.3. treatment of facts and law -- 5.3. Justifications for a specific standard of review -- 5.3.1. General arguments for and against a specific standard of review -- 5.3.2. legal basis for a specific standard of review -- 5.3.3. Assessment against relevant standard of review principles -- 5.3.4. Brief assessment against other standards of review -- 5.4. Conclusion -- 6.1. Introduction -- 6.2. Factual and legal issues in reviewing trade remedies -- 6.3. Anti-Dumping Agreement -- 6.3.1. Key concepts and obligations -- 6.3.2. role of Article 17.6 -- 6.3.3. application of the new standard to the Anti-Dumping Agreement -- 6.4. Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures -- 6.4.1. Key concepts and obligations -- 6.4.2. application of the new standard to the SCM Agreement -- 6.5. Safeguards Agreement -- 6.5.1. Key concepts and obligations -- 6.5.2. application of the new standard to the Safeguards Agreement -- 6.6. Comparison of the new standard with the current standard applied in trade remedy disputes -- 6.6.1. Anti-Dumping Agreement -- 6.6.2. SCM Agreement -- 6.6.3. Safeguards Agreement -- 6.7. Conclusion -- 7.1. Introduction -- 7.2. Uniformity of the standard of review in non-trade remedy agreements -- 7.3. agreement on sanitary and phytosanitary measures -- 7.3.1. Key concepts and obligations -- 7.3.2. application of the new standard to the SPS Agreement -- 7.4. agreement on technical barriers to trade -- 7.4.1. Key concepts and obligations -- 7.4.2. application of the new standard to the TBT Agreement -- 7.5. General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 1994 -- 7.5.1. Key concepts and obligations -- 7.5.2. application of the new standard to GATT 1994 -- 7.6. Comparison of the new standard with the current standard applied to non-trade remedy disputes -- 7.6.1. SPS Agreement -- 7.6.2. TBT Agreement -- 7.6.3. GATT 1994 -- 7.7. Conclusion -- 8.1. Overview of this work -- 8.1.1. Critique and contentions -- 8.1.2. Summary of chapters -- 8.2. Directions for future research -- 8.3. significance of the standard of review issue for the WTO: concluding remarks.
9781781002230
Foreign trade regulation. World Trade Organization International commercial arbitration