TY - BOOK AU - McKinney, Michael L. AU - Schoch, Robert M. AU - Yonavjak, Logan. TI - Environmental science: systems and solutions SN - 9780763742621 U1 - 363.7 PY - 2007/// CY - Sudbury PB - Jones and Bartlett KW - Pollution -- Environmental aspects KW - Environmentalism KW - Environmental sciences N1 - SECTION 1 The Environment and People Introduction A Guide to the Environment CHAPTER 1 Environmental Science: An Overview What Is Environmental Science? Avoiding ¿Information Overload¿ Building a Sustainable World 1.1 The Environment as a System: An Overview What Is a System? Three Key Traits of the Environmental System Society in the Environmental System 1.2 What Is Environmental Impact? Exponential Growth Exponential Growth of the Human Population Exponential Growth of Consumption Exponential Growth of Environmental Impact 1.3 A Brief History of Environmental Impact 1.4 The Environment as a Commons 1.5 Saving the Commons Reducing Consumption: Defusing the Bomb of the North 1.6 Promoting Sustainability by Paying True Costs Reducing Population: Defusing the Bomb of the South 1.7 The Role of the Individual Values on the Here and Now: Why We Avoid True Costs A Solution: Values beyond the Self 1.8 Toward a Sustainable World Visualizing a Sustainable World Study Guide Case Study 1-1: Systems and Chaos Theories: Ways to Study Complexity Case Study 1-2: What Are Your Values? Would You Decline $600,000 to Save a Rainforest? CHAPTER 2 Human Population Growth 2.1 World Population Changes over Time Starting Slow: The Lag Phase The Agricultural (Neolithic) Revolution: Beginning Exponential Growth Carrying Capacity Growth Rate and Doubling Time of the World¿s Human Population 2.2 Distribution of the Earth¿s Human Population 2.3 Age Structures Life Expectancies and Infant Mortality Rates Total Fertility Rates Aging of the World Population 2.4 The Consequences of Overpopulation 2.5 The Population of the United States and Canada 2.6 Solving the World¿s Population Problem Industrialization, Economic Development, and the Demographic Transition Problems with the Demographic Transition Model Contraceptives, Abortion, and Reproductive Rights Female Education and Status Economic Incentives, Disincentives, and Government Regulation of Childbearing Population Control around the World Study Guide Case Study 2-1: Thomas Malthus, the Original Population Pessimist Case Study 2-2: Disease and Global Population: The Plague and AIDS Fundamentals 2-1: Fundamentals: Human Population Equations and Statistics SECTION 2 The Environment of Life on Planet Earth CHAPTER 3 The Biosphere: Populations, Communities, Ecosystems, and Biogeochemical Cycles 3.1 Water, Air, and Energy¿Three Major Aspects of the Physical Environment 3.2 Biosphere Interactions: Populations Population Dynamics Growth of Populations Population Stability: Regulation of Growth The Real World: Complex Interaction of Abundance Controls Population Decline Human Impact on Population Growth and Decline Population Range 3.3 Biosphere Interactions: Communities and Ecosystems Community Structure Community Diversity Community Change through Time Human Disturbance of Communities Ecosystems and Community Function Ecosystem Productivity Matter Cycling through Ecosystems 3.4 Biogeochemical Cycles: An Introduction Biogeochemical Cycles: Major Features Energy Flows Study Guide Case Study 3-1: What Is Ecology? Case Study 3-2: Captive Breeding Case Study 3-3: Does Extinction Reduce Ecosystem Productivity? How Experimental Ecology Answers Key Questions CHAPTER 4 The Distribution of Life on Earth 4.1 Evolution of the Biosphere Evolution through Natural Selection Diversification of the Biosphere 4.2 What Is Biodiversity? Measuring Biodiversity Global Biodiversity: How Many Species? Biodiversity Today: A Rare Wealth in Time 4.3 Biomes and Communities Terrestrial Biomes Aquatic Biomes Study Guide Case Study 4-1: Hellbenders and Alligators: The Asia-U.S. Connection Case Study 4-2: Conservation and the Geography of People CHAPTER 5 The Dynamic Earth and Natural Hazards 5.1 Workings of Planet Earth Today Earth and Its Neighboring Planets Present-Day Structure of the Earth Plate Tectonics The Composition of Matter on the Earth Rocks: Their Origin and the Rock Cycle The Surface of the Earth: Climate and Weather Rotation, Orbits, and Seasons 5.2 Origin and Physical Development of the Earth Origin of the Solar System and Earth Origin of the Oceans Origin of the Atmosphere 5.3 Natural Hazards Earthquakes and Volcanoes Land Instability Weather Hazards Fires Coastal Hazards Study Guide Case Study 5-1: El Niño and Integrated Earth Systems Case Study 5-2: Predicting Earthquakes Case Study 5-3: Hurricane Katrina: A Natural Disaster Enhanced by People: SECTION 3 Resource Use and Management CHAPTER 6 People and Natural Resources 6.1 Kinds of Resources 6.2 People Managing Resources 6.3 What Is Resource Management? 6.4 Sustaining Resource Use: Preservation, Conservation, and Restoration A Brief History of Preservation, Conservation, and Restoration 6.5 Who Cares? The Many Values of Natural Resources 6.6 Patterns of Resource Depletion How Matter Resources Are Depleted How Energy Resources Are Depleted Bubble Pattern of Depletion 6.7 Problems with Past Resource Management Net Yield of Nonrenewable Resources Maximum Sustainable Yield of Renewable Resources 6.8 Conservation: Reducing the Need for Resources Ways to Conserve: Efficiency, Recycling, and Substitution 6.9 Resource Economics Resource Overuse: Ignoring Environmental Costs Economics of Recycling 6.10 Jobs and Life in a Sustainable World Study Guide Case Study 6-1: How to Exceed Maximum Sustained Yield: Overfishing the Oceans Case Study 6-2: Is This Recycled or Not? Case Study 6-3: Measuring Consumption: What Is Your Ecological Footprint? CHAPTER 7 Fundamentals of Energy, Fossil Fuels, and Nuclear Energy 7.1 An Overview of the Current Global Energy Situation 7.2 Power Plants¿Supplying the People with Electricity Hard versus Soft Energy Technologies 7.3 The Fossil Fuels Oil Coal Natural Gas Can Fossil Fuel Supplies Increase on a Human Timescale? Why We Must Stop Burning Fossil Fuels 7.4 Nuclear Power Principles of Nuclear Power Uranium Resources 7.5 Advantages and Disadvantages of Nuclear Power The Safety Record of Nuclear Power Drawbacks of Nuclear Power Chernobyl and Three Mile Island Safer Nuclear Reactors Disposal of Nuclear Wastes Decommissioning Nuclear Reactors Global Nuclear Power Today and in the Future Study Guide Case Study 7-1: The United States: Sources and Consumption of Energy Case Study 7-2: The Hidden Costs of Foreign Oil Dependence Case Study 7-3: The Arctic National Wildlife Refuge Fundamentals 7-1 Energy, Work, Power, and Thermodynamics Fundamentals 7-2: Common Measures of Energy and Power CHAPTER 8 Renewable and Alternative Energy Sources 8.1 Hydropower Environmental Advantages and Disadvantages of Hydroelectric Energy 8.2 Biomass Raw Sources of Biomass Energy Environmental Advantages and Disadvantages of Biomass Energy 8.3 Solar Energy Direct Use of Solar Energy and Passive Solar Designs Active Solar Techniques The Economics of Active Solar Collectors Electricity from the Sun Photovoltaics The Economics of Photovoltaics Environmental Advantages and Disadvantages of Solar Energy 8.4 Wind Power 8.5 Geothermal Energy The Disadvantages of Geothermal Energy 8.6 Ocean Energy 8.7 Energy Storage Electrical Energy Storage 8.8 Energy Conservation Reducing Consumption of Fossil Fuels Energy Efficiency at a National Level Improving Energy Efficiency Encouraging Energy Savings¿Voluntary versus Mandatory Measures Study Guide Case Study 8-1: The Natural Gas Transition to a Solar-Hydrogen Economy Case Study 8-2: Improving the Fuel Economy of Gasoline-Powered Vehicles CHAPTER 9 Water Resources 9.1 Water and the Hydrologic Cycle Water: A Most Unusual Substance The Hydrologic Cycle 9.2 Water Demand 9.3 Water Supply Regional Water Shortages: Inequalities in the Hydrologic Cycle A Global Water Shortage? Types of Water Resources 9.4 Increasing Our Water Resources Increased Efficiency Desalination Wastewater Reclamation Dams and Reservoirs Canals 9.5 Social Solutions to Water Scarcity Economics of Sustainable Water Use Legal Control of Water Use Which Are Better: Economic or Legal Solutions? Study Guide Case Study 9-1: The Global Safe Drinking Water Crisis Case Study 9-2: The Colorado River r Case Study 9-3: Ogallala Aquifer CHAPTER 10 Mineral Resources 10.1 Types of Mineral Resources 10.2 Relative Demands and Values of Mineral Resources¿An Overview 10.3 Mineral Deposits, Ores, and Reserves 10.4 Environmental Degradation Due to Mineral Exploitation 10.5 Trends in Mineral Use 10.6 The Economics of Mineral Consumption: What Accounts for the Prices of Minerals? 10.7 Dealing with Mineral Scarcity Expanding the Resource Base Recycling Substitutability Reducing Consumption: Conservation and Durability Study Guide Case Study 10-1: Trading a Mountain for a Hole in the Ground CHAPTER 11 Conserving Biological Resources 11.1 Measuring What¿s at Risk Estimating the Unknown 11.2 Biodiversity Loss Current Biodiversity Loss: Another Mass Extinction? 11.3 What Causes Biodiversity Loss? Habitat Disruption Introduced Species Overhunting Secondary Extinctions Minimum Viable Populations Community and Ecosystem Degradation Are Diverse Communities More Easily Disturbed? 11.4 Stopping Extinctions Reasons to Stop Extinctions: The Many Values of Biodiversity Which Species to Save? How to Save Species Laws Protecting Endangered Species Species Recovery: Breeding and Reintroduction Sustainable Uses of Biodiversity Study Guide Case Study 11-1: Invasion of the Zebra Mussels Case Study 11-2: Are Habitat Conservation Plans the Answer? The California Gnatcatcher Example CHAPTER 12 Land Resources and Management 12.1 Managing Public Lands An End to Subsidized Abuse of Public Land? The National Park System National Forests: Land of Many Uses 12.2 NEPA and Environmental Impact Statements 12.3 Managing Private Lands for Biodiversity Preservation Selecting Preserves Designing Preserves Preserve Networks Sustainable Management of Preserves 12.4 Marine Preserves 12.5 Managing Lands to Reduce Urban Impacts Causes of Sprawl Consequences of Sprawl Curbing Sprawl Study Guide Case Study 12-1: Should Snowmobiles be Allowed in Yellowstone National Park Case Study 12-2: The Restoration of Mead Quarry Case Study 12-3: Should We Rethink Lawns and Golf Courses CHAPTER 13 Food and Soil Resources 13.1 Food as a Biological Resource Hunger Feeding the World Today Food for the Future Agricultural Food Production and Supplies 13.2 The Effects of Agriculture Modern Agriculture¿s ¿Solutions¿: Fertilizers, Pesticides, and Herbicides The Green Revolution Beyond the Green Revolution¿¿Higher Yields through Sustainable Agriculture Traditional and Sustainable Methods of Coping with Agriculture¿s Effects. Biotechnology and Genetically Modified (GM) Crops Fisheries 13.3 The Soil of the Earth What Is Soil? Global Assessment of Soil Degradation Stopping Soil Degradation Study Guide Case Study 13-1: Subsistence Growers and Sustainable Agricultural Practices Case Study 13-2: Genetically Modified Foods and Crops Case Study 13-3: Aquaculture SECTION 4 Dealing With Environmental Degradation CHAPTER 14 Principles of Pollution Control, Toxicology, and Risk 14.1 What Is Pollution? History of Pollution 14.2 Controlling Pollution Myths of Pollution Control Deciding How Much Control: Being Realistic Implementing Pollution Controls International and National Aspects 14.3 Toxicology: The Science of Poisons Effects of Toxic Substances Toxic Risk Assessment 14.4 Pesticides: Pollutants Made to Kill The History of Pesticide Use Problems with Chemical Pesticides Reducing Chemical Pesticide Use 14.5 Legal Aspects of Toxic Substance and Pesticide Control Toxic Torts The Precautionary Principle Revisited Study Guide Case Study 14-1: Should We Use Animals to Test Products? Which Animals? Case Study 14-2: Environmental Hormones¿A Growing Threat Case Study 14-3: To Worry or Not to Worry? Chlorine, Dioxin, and PCBs CHAPTER 15 Water Pollution 15.1 Damages and Suffering 15.2 Water Purification in Nature 15.3 Pollution: Overwhelming Natural Purification Composition and Properties of Water Pollutants Sources of Water Pollutants Fate of Pollutants 15.4 Slowing Pollution: Reduction, Treatment, and Remediation Source Reduction: Efficiency, Recycling, and Substitution Treating Wastewater Remediation: Cleaning Up Polluted Waters 15.5 Legal and Social Solutions Legal Solutions Cleaner Rivers and Lakes Cleaner Drinking Water Social Solutions Future of U.S. Water Pollution Control Clean Water outside the United States Global Water Security Study Guide Case Study 15-1: The Milwaukee Incident Case Study 15-2: The New York City Watershed Protection Plan CHAPTER 16 Air Pollution: Local and Regional 16.1 Local and Regional Air Pollution Particulates Sulfur Oxides Nitrogen Oxides, Ground-level Ozone, and Volatile Organic Compounds Carbon Monoxide Lead International Trends Weather and Air Pollution 16.2 Legal and Social Solutions Legal Solutions Economic Solutions 16.3 Indoor Air Pollution Sources and Types of Indoor Pollutants 16.4 Noise Pollution Measuring Noise Control of Noise Health Damage from Noise Control of Noise 16.5 Electromagnetic Fields Study Guide Case Study 16-1: Smog: Causes and Cures Case Study 16-2: Is Asbestos a Classic Example of ¿Environmental Hypochondria¿? ************** CHAPTER 17 Global Air Pollution: Destruction of the Ozone Layer and Global Climate Change Ozone Depletion Ozone in Nature Human Assaults on the Ozone Layer Effects of Increased Ultraviolet Radiation Reaching the Earth¿s Surface Global Climate Change The Greenhouse Effect Is Earth Really Warming Up? Consequences of Global Warming General Strategies for Dealing with Global Warming Global Light Pollution: A Developing Problem Effects on Animals and Plants Curbing Light Pollution Case Study 17-1: Methyl Bromide and the Ozone Layer Case Study 17-2: The Benefits of CO2 Case Study 17-3: Global Warming and Disease CHAPTER 18 Municipal Solid Waste and Hazardous Waste Defining Solid Waste Alternative Paradigms for Waste Management Traditional Means of Waste Management Garbage as a Source of Revenue for Poorer Communities Dealing with Rubbish and Other Waste in the Near Future Waste Disposal and Recycling in the United States Industrial Ecosystems Hazardous Waste Superfund The Bhopal Disaster Toxics Release Inventory Technologies for Dealing with Hazardous Waste Case Study 18-1: Tires Case Study 18-2: Paper versus Plastic Case Study 18-3: E-Waste and Technotrash Environmental Issues: Social Aspects and Solutions CHAPTER 19 Environmental Economics Economics versus Environmental Science? Sustainability Produces More Jobs Environmental Economics: Blending the Dichotomy What Is Sustainable Growth? Measuring Sustainable Growth Economics of Sustainable Growth Externalities: Market Failures and the Environment Tragedy of the Commons: Depletion and Pollution Solution: Internalizing Environmental Externalities What¿s the Environment Worth? Cost Problems Pay Up! Persuasion, Regulation, Motivation Economic Incentives to Sustain the Environment The Low Cost of Sustainability Poverty and the Global Environment Origins of Global Poverty Eliminating Global Poverty Developing a Sustainable Economy Case Study 19-1: Would You Be a Green Investor? Case Study 19-2: Cookstoves in Poor Nations: Small is Beautiful (and Sustainable) Case Study 19-3: The World Trade Organization: Wealth versus Environment and Justice? CHAPTER 20 Historical and Cultural Aspects of Environmental Concerns An Historical Perspective on American Environmentalism The First Century of American Environmentalism Environmentalism since World War II Are Western Societal Values to be Blamed for Current Environmental Problems? Western Values and Social Institutions Sustainable Development/Sustainable Growth Addressing Environmental Concerns by Refocusing Western Political-Economic Structures Environmental Law Law and the Environment¿A General Overview International Environmental Law Environmental Law and Regulation in the United States Decision Making in the Public Arena Case Study 20-1: The North American Bison Case Study 20-2: Animal Rights Case Study 20-3: Global Population and Ethical Considerations Epilogue: Environmental Literacy Appendix English/Metric Conversion Table Glossary Index ER -