Comprehensive biotechnology Vol. 2/ principles and practices in industry agriculture medicine and the environment
Moo-Young,Murray
- Amsterdam: Elsevier, 2011.
- 690
2.01. Introduction
2.02. Bioengineering at the Interface between Science and Society
Glossary
2.02.1. Introduction
2.02.2. The Impact of Science and Technology on Society
2.02.3. Roots and Development of Evolutionary Biology and of Genetics
2.02.4. Genetic Engineering as a Source of Genetic Variants
2.02.5. Molecular Mechanisms and Natural Strategies of Spontaneous Genetic Variation
2.02.6. High Similarity between Natural Biological Evolution and the Contribution of Genetic Engineering to Biological Evolution
2.02.7. Risk Evaluation of Evolutionary Processes
2.02.8. Prospects of Bioengineering
2.02.9. Public Perception of Genetics, Biological Evolution, and Bioengineering
2.02.10. Call for Sustainability of Cultural Developments
2.03. Cellular Systems
Glossary
2.03.1. Introduction
2.03.2. Bacteria
2.03.3. Fungi
2.03.4. Plant Cells
2.03.5. Animal Cells
2.03.6. Human Stem Cells
2.03.7. Artificial Cells
2.04. Cell Growth Dynamics
Glossary
2.04.1. Introduction
2.04.2. Models of Cells in Submerged Culture
2.04.3. Models of Cells in Multiphase Fermentor
2.05. Reaction Kinetics and Stoichiometry
Glossary
2.05.1. Introduction
2.05.2. Enzyme Kinetics
2.05.3. Factors Affecting Reaction Kinetics
2.05.4. Biochemical Reaction Rate Related to Cellular Systems
2.05.5. Stoichiometry
2.06. Bioreactor Fluid Dynamics
Glossary
2.06.1. Introduction
2.06.2. Mixing
2.06.3. Residence Time Measurements of the Gas Flow
2.06.4. Flow around Single Bubbles
2.06.5. Flow around Impeller Blades
2.06.6. Oxygen Mass Transfer
2.06.7. Flow Patterns in Stirred Tanks
2.06.8. Flow Patterns in Bubble Columns
2.06.9. Take-Home Messages
2.07. Mixing in Bioreactor Vessels
Glossary
2.07.1. Introduction
2.07.2. Characterization of Mixing
2.07.3. Mixing Models
2.07.4. Experimental Verification
2.07.5. The Airlift
2.07.6. Comparison of the Reactor Types
2.07.7. Gas-Phase Mixing
2.07.8. The Meaning of Mixing
2.07.9. Conclusions
2.08. Genetic Engineering
Glossary
2.08.1. Introduction to Genetic Engineering
2.08.2. Molecular Cloning and Recombinant DNA Technology
2.08.3. Molecular Manipulations
2.08.4. Cellular Manipulations
2.09. Bio-Feedstocks
Glossary
2.09.1. Common Feedstocks
2.09.2. Lignocellulose
2.09.3. Use of Perennial Grasses
2.10. Substrate Hydrolysis
Glossary
2.10.1. Introduction
2.10.2. Substrate for Hydrolysis
2.10.3. Physical Methods for Hydrolysis
2.10.4. Chemical Methods for Hydrolysis
2.10.5. Enzymatic Hydrolysis
2.10.6. Concluding Remarks
2.11. Medium Formulation and Development
Glossary
2.11.1. Introduction
2.11.2. Medium Formulation
2.11.3. Medium Optimization
2.11.4. Genetic Algorithms
2.11.5. Platforms for Medium Development
2.12. Sterilization in Biotechnology
Nomenclature
2.12.1. Introduction
2.12.2. Sterilization of Gases
2.12.3. Sterilization of Liquids
2.12.4. Sterilization of Small Equipment
2.12.5. Sterilization of Large Equipment
2.12.6. Validation of Sterilization
2.12.7. Conclusions
2.13. Inoculum Preparation
Glossary
Acknowledgments
2.13.1. Introduction
2.13.2. Criteria for Inoculum Preparation for Fermentation Process
2.13.3. Inoculum Development Process for Fermentation
2.13.4. Monitoring Inoculum Development
2.13.5. Transfer of Inoculum to the Fermentor Vessel or Scale-Up Process
2.13.6. Inoculum Preparation for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing
2.13.7. Measurement of Bacteria and Inoculum Preparation
2.13.8. Inoculum Preparation for Viral Cultures
2.13.9. Inoculum Preparation for Mammalian Cell Culture
2.13.10. Inoculum for Immunization
2.13.11. Conclusion
2.14. Bioreactor Engineering
Glossary
Acknowledgment
2.14.1. Introduction
2.14.2. Design and Types of Bioreactors
2.14.3. Effects of Process Parameters on Biological Performances
2.14.4. Bioreactor Operation Strategy
2.14.5. Industrial Applications of Bioreactors
2.14.6. Trends in Bioreactor Engineering
2.15. Stirred Tank Bioreactors
Glossary
2.15.1. Introduction
2.15.2. Mass and Energy Balances
2.15.3. Kinetic Models
2.15.4. Case in Study: Xanthan Gum Production
2.16. Airlift Bioreactors
Glossary
2.16.1. Introduction
2.16.2. Reactor Configurations
2.16.3. Power Input
2.16.4. Gas–Liquid Hydrodynamics
2.16.5. Mass Transfer
2.16.6. Heat Transfer
2.16.7. Mixing
2.16.8. Applications
2.16.9. Conclusions
2.17. Shake-Flask Bioreactors
Glossary
2.17.1. Introduction
2.17.2. Specific Power Input in Shake Flasks
2.17.3. Out-of-Phase Phenomena in Shake Flasks
2.17.4. Maximum Energy Dissipation Rate in Shake Flasks
2.17.5. Gas/Liquid Mass Transfer in Shake Flasks
2.17.6. Baffled Shake Flasks
2.17.7. Use of Engineering Parameters for Scale-Up from Shake Flask to Stirred-Tank Reactor
2.17.8. Fed-Batch and Continuous Cultures in Shake Flasks
2.17.9. Online Measuring Techniques in Shake Flasks
2.18. Photobioreactors – Models of Photosynthesis and Related Effects
Glossary
2.18.1. Introduction
2.18.2. The P–I Curve
2.18.3. Mathematical Representation of Photosynthesis
2.18.4. Modeling and Interpretation of Irradiance
2.18.5. The Kinetic Model
2.18.6. Modeling Photoacclimation
2.18.7. Photosynthesis in the Bioreactor
2.18.8. Simulated Illumination–Darkness Cycles
2.18.9. Experimental Evaluation of Illumination–Darkness Cycles
2.18.10. Conclusions
2.19. Disposable Bioreactors
Glossary
2.19.1. Introduction
2.19.2. Types of Single-Use Bioreactors with Disposable Bags
2.19.3. Conclusions
2.20. Membrane Bioreactors
Glossary
2.20.1. Introduction
2.20.2. Basic Concepts in Membrane Bioreactors
2.20.3. Membrane Bioreactors for Production and Separation of Bioactive Molecules
2.20.4. Membrane Bioreactors for Bioartificial Organs and Engineered-Tissue Culture
2.20.5. Conclusions
2.21. Microbioreactors
Glossary
2.21.1. Introduction
2.21.2. Microfluidic Devices
2.21.3. Microbioreactors for Cell Culturing
2.21.4. Enzymatic Microreactors
2.21.5. Future Perspectives of Bioreactor Miniaturization
2.22. Biofilters
Glossary
2.22.1. Introduction
2.22.2. Types of Biofilters
2.22.3. Filter Media
2.22.4. Microorganisms
2.22.5. Factors Affecting BF Performance
2.22.6. Design
2.23. Enzyme Bioreactors
Glossary
2.23.1. Introduction
2.23.2. Forms of Enzymes Used in Enzyme Reactors
2.23.3. Enzyme Reactors
2.23.4. Design and Choice of Enzyme Reactors
2.23.5. Novel Enzyme Reactors
2.24. Immobilized Cell Bioreactors
Glossary
2.24.1. Introduction
2.24.2. Immobilization of Microbial Cells
2.24.3. Immobilized Cell Bioreactors: Configuration and Design Characteristics
2.24.4. Mass Transfer and Biokinetics in Immobilized Cell Bioreactors
2.24.5. Merits of Immobilized Cell Bioreactors
2.24.6. Potential Drawbacks
2.24.7. Concluding Remarks
2.25. Bioreactors for Solid-State Fermentation
Glossary
2.25.1. Introduction
2.25.2. Classification of SSF Bioreactors and Basic Principles of Operation
2.25.3. Tray Bioreactors
2.25.4. Packed-Bed Bioreactors
2.25.5. Rotating-Drum and Stirred-Drum Bioreactors
2.25.6. Forcefully Aerated Agitated Bioreactors
2.25.7. Challenges Related to Changes Provoked by Microbial Growth
2.25.8. Other Considerations
2.25.9. Conclusion
2.26. Bioreactors for Plant Cell Culture
Glossary
2.26.1. Introduction
2.26.2. General Aspects of Plant Cells
2.26.3. Various Types of Reactors for Plant Cell Culture
2.26.4. Operation of Plant Cell Reactors
2.26.5. Industrial Applications and Outlook for the Future
2.26.6. Summary
2.27. Bioreactors for Animal Cell Cultures
Glossary
2.27.1. Introduction
2.27.2. Bioreactor Design
2.27.3. Bioreactors for High Cell Density Cultures
2.27.4. Automation of Cell Processing toward Clinical Application
2.27.5. Concluding Remarks
2.28. Bioreactors for Tissue Engineering
Glossary
Acknowledgments
2.28.1. Introduction
2.28.2. Engineering Concepts in Tissue Mass Growth
2.28.3. Reactor Designs for Tissue Engineering
2.28.4. Noninvasive and Nondestructive Imaging Techniques to Monitor Bioreactor Tissue Cultures
2.28.5. Conclusions
2.29. Recombinant Technology
Glossary
2.29.1. Introduction
2.29.2. Mammalian Expression Vectors
2.29.3. Nonviral Gene Delivery
2.29.4. Cells
2.29.5. Host Cell Engineering
2.29.6. Generation of Recombinant Cell Lines
2.29.7. Transient Gene Expression
2.29.8. Regulatory Issues
2.30. Metabolic Regulation Analysis and Metabolic Engineering
Glossary
2.30.1. Introduction
2.30.2. Metabolic Engineering Practice
2.30.3. The Effect of Single-Gene Knockouts on the Metabolism
2.30.4. Global Regulators in Relation to the Cultural Environment
2.30.5. The Systems Biology Approach
2.30.6. Conclusion
2.31. Proteomics, Protein Engineering
Glossary
2.31.1. Introduction
2.31.2. Mass Spectrometry-Based Proteome Profiling Techniques
2.31.3. Current Advances in Protein Identification: Online and Microfluidic Proteomic Systems
2.31.4. Current Challenges in Proteomics
2.32. Heterologous Protein Expression
Glossary
2.32.1. Introduction
2.32.2. Heterologous Protein Expression in Bacterial Cultures
2.32.3. Heterologous Protein Expression in Yeast Culture
2.32.4. Heterologous Protein Expression in Insect Cell Culture
2.32.5. Heterologous Protein Expression in Mammalian Cell culture
2.32.6. Heterologous Protein Expression in Plant Cell Culture
2.32.7. Heterologous Protein Expression in Algal Cell Culture
2.32.8. Heterologous Protein Expression in Moss Culture
2.32.9. Heterologous Protein Expression in Cell-Free Systems
2.32.10. Summary and Future Directions
2.33. Biotransformations
Glossary
2.33.1. Introduction
2.33.2. Enzymes versus Whole Cells
2.33.3. Extremophiles as a Source of New Enzymes
2.33.4. Biotransformations as a Source of Chiral Compounds
2.33.5. Types of Reaction Systems
2.33.6. Industrial Processes – Overview on Present and Prospective Trends