TY - BOOK AU - Thomson, A.K. TI - Fruit and vegetables: harvesting,handling and storage U1 - 635.6 PY - 2014/// CY - New Delhi PB - John Wiley N1 - Contents (Colour plate section falls between pages 206 and 207) Preface xv Acknowledgements xvii 1. Preharvest factors on postharvest life 1 Introduction 1 Nutrients 1 Organic production 3 Rootstock 4 Light 5 Day length 5 Temperature 5 Water relations 6 Tree age 6 Flowering time 6 Harvest time 6 Preharvest infection 7 Chemical treatments 7 2. Assessment of crop maturity 9 Introduction g Field methods 9 Postharvest methods 12 3. Harvesting and handling methods 19 Introduction 19 Crop damage 19 Harvesting 21 Field transport 24 4. Precooling 25 Introduction 25 Heat removal 26 Precooling methods 26 5. Packaging 31 Introduction 31 Types of packaging 32 Package recycling 38 Modified atmosphere packaging 38 vi Contents 6. Postharvest treatments 47 Introduction 47 Minerals 47 Astringency removal 48 Antioxidants 48 Sprout suppressants 48 Fruit coating 49 Antiethylene 51 Salicylic acid 51 Curing 51 Hot water treatment 52 Vapour heat treatment 52 Degreening 52 7. Storage 53 Store management and organization 53 Store design and method 54 Refrigerated storage 59 Controlled atmosphere stores 61 Hypobaric storage 69 8. Disease control 71 Introduction 71 Legislation 71 Microorganism control 72 Chemical application methods 73 Non-fungicidal methods of disease control 75 9. Safety 80 Introduction 80 Micotoxins 81 Bacterial toxins 82 Safety in controlled atmosphere stores 84 Toxicity of packaging material ' 85 Packhouse safety 85 10. Fruit ripening conditions ' 86 Introduction 86 Changes during fruit ripening 87 Controlled atmosphere storage on ripening 91 Design of ripening rooms 92 Ethylene on ripening 92 Sources of ethylene 93 Alternative gases to ethylene 95 t 11. Marketing and transport Marketing Marketing systems Cooperative marketing associations ] Market analysis ^ Branding National transport International trade Cold chain ^ Transport by sea International transport by airfreight i Temperature monitoring International quarantine 12. Postharvest technology of fruits and vegetables 115 Introduction Acerolas ]^^ Ackee, akee African breadfruit Amelanchier Amaranth American grapes Anise, anis Anus, cubios Apples 118 Apricot Arracacha, Peruvian parsnip Arrowroot Asian pears, Japanese pears, nashi Asian spinach Asparagus Atemoyas Aubergines, egg plants Avocados, alligator pear, midshipmen's butter 142 Babacos Bamboo shoots Banana passionfruit Bananas * Barbados cherries, West Indian cherries Beefsteak fungus Beetroots, red beet Belle apples, Jamaican honeysuckle, water lemons Biriba, wild soursop Bitter gourd, pepind, kerela, bitter cucumber, balsam pear Bitter yam, cluster yam Blackberries, brambles Blackcurrants Black radish Black sapptes Contents vii 07 137 139 140 141 148 166 167 168 168 169 169 170 171 172 viii Contents Blueberries, bilberries, whortleberries 172 Blewit, field blewit 173 Bottle gourds, white flowered gourds 173 Boysenberries 1 Breadfruits 174 Broad beans, horse beans, Windsor beans I75 Broccoli, calabrese 17g Brussels sprouts 177 Cabbages -iyg Cainnetos, star apples 179 Calamondnis, Philippine limes I80 Canistel, egg fruit 180 Cape gooseberries, physalis, Peruvian cherry I80 Capsicums, sweet peppers, bell peppers I81 Carambola, star fruit I83 Carrots 184 Cashewapples 185 Cassava, monioc, tapioca, yuca 186 Cauliflower I89 Cauliflower fungus 191 Celeriac, turnip rooted celery 191 Celery 192 Cep, penny bun boletus 193 Chanterelles 193 Chard, spinach beet 194 Chayotes, christophines, chocho 194 Cherimoyas I95 Cherries, sweet cherries I95 Chervil 195 Chicory, witloof, radicchio I97 Chillies, hot peppers, peppers, cherry peppers, bird chillies 198 Chinese artichokes 198 Chinese bayberries I99 Chinese cabbage I99 Chinese chives 200 Chinese kale, kale 200 Chinese pears 201 Chinese radishes, Japanese radishes 201 Chinese water chestnut, biqi 201 Chinese yams 202 Chives 202 Citron 203 Clementines 203 Cloudberries, baked-apples berries 203 Coconuts, waternuts, jelly coconuts 204 Collards, kale 204 Coriander 205 Courgettes, summer squash, zucchini, baby marrow 205 Cranberries 206 Cress, watercress 207 Cucumber 208 Custard apples, bullock's heart 209 Damsons 210 Dates 210 Dewberries 213 Dill 213 Durians 213 Easy peeling citrus fruits 215 Elderberries 215 Elephant foot yam, elephant yam, suran 215 Emblic, Indian gooseberries 216 Endives, escaroles, frisee 216 Enoki-take mushrooms, winter mushroom, velvet shank 216 Fairy ring toadstool 217 Feijoas, pineapples guava 217 Fennel 218 Field mushroom 218 Fig leaf gourds, malibar gourds 218 Figs 218 Gages, green gages 220 Garlic 220 Genips, Spanish limes 221 Giant taro 221 Ginger 221 Globe artichokes 222 Golden apple, otaheite apple 223 Gooseberries 223 Governor's plum 224 Granadillas, giant granadillas 224 Granadillos, sweet granadillas 224 Grapes 225 Grapefruits 227 Greater yam, Lisbon yam, white yam, water yam, Asiatic yam 229 Green beans, kidney beans, snap beans, common beans 230 Guavas 232 Hawthorne 234 Hog plum, yellow mombin 234 Horn of plenty 234 Horse mushroom 234 Horseradish 234 Huckleberries 235 Hyssop 235 Intoxicating yam, Asiatic bitter yam 235 Jaboticaba 236 Jackfruit, jaca 236 Jerusalem artichoke 237 Jew's ear ^ 237 Jujube, Chfhese jujube 237 Contents ix X Contents Jujube, Indian jujube, ber Kale 239 Kiwanos, horned melons, melano Kiwifruits, Chinese gooseberries, yang tao Kohlrabi, turnip rooted cabbage Kumquats "42 Langsat, lanzon, duku Leeks Lemons Lemon balm Lesser yam, Asiatic yam, lesser Asiatic yam Lettuces 250 Lima beans, butter beans, Burma beans Limes 253 Limequats 253 Litchi, lychee 255 Loganberries 255 Longan 257 Longkong, longong 257 Loquats, Japanese medlars Lotus roots 258 Lovi lovi 258 Maitake 258 Malay apple, pomerac, jambos, Malacca apple Mamey, mamay apple, mammey apple Mandarins 260 Mangoes 267 Mangosteen 268 Marrow, squash 270 Matricaria 270 Medlar 270 Melons, cantaloupes, musk melons 273 Methi 273 Mint 273 Monstera 273 Mora, Andes berry 274 Morles 274 Mulberries 274 Mume, Japanese apricot 275 Mushrooms, cultivated mushroom 273 Mustard, white mustard 278 Nameko 278 Naranjilla, lulo, toronja 279 Nectarines 279 Oca ^ 280 Okra, gumbo, lady's finger 28i Olives Onions, bulb onions 286 Onion Oranges Ortanique, temple oranges, murcotts Oyster mushrooms, hiratake mushroom Papa criolla, criolla Papayas, pawpaws Papayuela, mountain papaya Parasol mushrooms, parasol fungus Parsley Parsnips Passionfruits, maracuya Pe-tsai, pak choi, pak choy, celery cabbage Peaches Pears 299 Peas, garden peas, mange tout, snow peas, sugar peas Pepinos, mishqui, tree melons Persimmons, kaki, sharon fruit, date plums Pineapples Pink-spored grisette, rose-gilled grisette Pitahaya, dragon fruit Plantains Plums Pomegranates Potatoes Potato yams Prickly pear, tuna, Indian fig, barberry fig, cactus fruit Pummelos, pomelos, pomelo, shaddock Pumpkin Queensland arrowroot, edible canna Quinces Radishes, salad radishes Rambutan Raspberries Redcurrants, white currants Red whortleberries, cowberries, mountain cranberries Rhubarb Rose apple, pomarosa Saffron milk cap Salak, snake fruit Salsify Sapodillas, sapota, zapota, chico chiko Sapote mamey, mamey sapote Satsumas Savory, summer savory Scarlet runner beans, runner beans Scorzonere 332 Seville oranges, bitter oranges Shaggy ink cap, lawyer's wig Shallots Shiitake Sloes Snake gourds 335 Sorrel, Jamaican sorrel, roselle 336 Sorrel, French sorrel 336 Sour cherries 336 Soursop, graviola, guanabana 337 Spanish plum, Jamaican plum, red mombin 337 Spinach 337 Spring onions, green onions, scallions, scallions 338 Strawberries 339 Strawberry guava, cattley guava 341 Straw mushrooms, paddy straw mushrooms 342 Sugar cane, noble cane 342 Summer white button mushroom 342 Swamp taro, giant swamp taro, gallan 343 Swedes, rutabagas 344 Sweetcorn, baby corn 344 Sweet passionfruit 346 Sweet potatoes 347 Sweet sops, sugar apples, custard apples 348 Tamarillos, tree tomatoes 349 Tamarind 350 Tangerines 351 Tannia, new cocoyam 351 Taro, dasheen, eddoe, cocoyam, malanga, old cocoyam 351 Tayberries 353 Tomatoes 353 Topee tambo 357 Truffles Turnips 357 Turnip greens Turnip rooted parsley, hamburg parsley 358 Ugli Fruits, minneolas, minneolas, tangelos 358 Ulloa, ulloco 359 Velvet shank 359 Watermelon 359 Water spinach, tong cai, kang kong 361 West Indian gooseberries, otaheite gooseberries 361 White radishes, Japanese radishes, mooli, daikon 361 White sapote, zapote 361 White yams, negro yams, guinea yams 362 Wild cucumbers,, pepinos ^^3 Winged beans Wood blewits 364 Wood mushroom 364 Yacon, jiquima, aricuma 364 Yam bean, jicama 365 Yams Yampies, cush cush, elephant yams, Indian yams 366 Yanagimatsutake mushrooms 367 Yellow yams, twelve months yams 367 Youngberries 368 Zapotes chupa chupa 369 Appendix: glossary of terms 371 Abbreviations 371 Carbon dioxide and oxygen in controlled atmosphere stores 371 Concentration of chemicals and ethylene in a store 371 Film thickness 371 Humidity 372 Hypobaric storage 372 ER -