Flowering plant embryology: with emphasis in economic species/
Nels R. Nerster
- New Delhi: John Wiley, 2014.
- 212 p.
Contents Preface ix 1 Introduction 3 Background: General works on embryology 4 Background: Embryology and systematics 5 What is a flower? 6 The floral appendages 6 The sexual life cycle 7. Literature cited 8 2 Stamen and Androecium 10 Stamen variation in representative families 10 Stamen anatomy 12 Growth ofthe stamen: The anther 14 Growth ofthe stamen: Filament elongation 15 Anther dehiscence 17 Evolution ofthe stamen 19 Literature cited 20 3 Pollen Development: Theme and Variations 22 Introduction to pollen 22 Summary ofpollen development 23 Pollen development in sorghum 23 Pollen development in sweet pepper 28 Pollen development in walnut 30 Pollen development in the mustardfamily 30 Pollen development in sunflower 32 Literature cited 35 4 Pollen Development: Details of Stages 36 Anther differentiation before meiosis 36 Pollen sac before meiosis 36 Meiosis 37 Cytokinesis 40 Duration ofmeiosis 43 VI Tapetal behavior Tapetal function Post-meiosis: The pollen wall Contents Post-meiosis: Internal microspore/pollen events -55 Duration ofpollen development Gene expression during pollen development <50 Numbers ofpollen produced Literature cited Carpel and Gynoecium Carpel evolution and development Carpel variations: General considerations Carpel variations: Apocarpy Carpel variations: Syncarpy Carpel variations: Relations to otherflower parts Carpel structure: Stigma Carpel structure: Style and transmitting tissue Literature cited Ovule and Embryo Sac Ovuleform and development Ovule failure and ovule abortion Megasporogenesis Embryo sac (megagametophyte) development Cells in the normal fPolygonum) type of embryo sac Literature cited Pollination and Pollen-Stigma Interaction Pollen desiccation and rehydration (harmomegathy) Life span ofpollen Pollen food reserves Factors in pollination success orfailure Pollen-stigma interaction: Incongruity Pollen-stigma interaction: Incompatibility Pollen-stigma interaction: Self-incompatibility The mentor pollen technique Callose and incompatibility Late-acting (ovarian) self-incompatibility Molecular basisfor pollen-stigma interactions Compatible interaction Literature cited Pollen Germination, Pollen Tube Growth, and Double Fertilization 119 Germination and early tube growth Cells and nuclei within the pollen tube Dimorphic sperm cells and the male germ unit ^26 65 65 69 72 72 74. 81 83 83 89 91 96 lOI 103 105 105 107 107 107 108 108 no 112 112 113 113 114 117 Contents vii Guiding and nurturing the pollen tube 129 Callose plugs 131 Swelling and branching ofpollen tubes 132 Pollen tube competition and carpel "filters " 134 Rate and duration ofpollen tube growth 136 Pollen tube growth in ovary and ovule 136 Pollen tube discharge and doublefertilization 138 Polyspermy 146 Literature cited 147 9 Endosperm 150 Generalizations and historical interpretations 150 Cytology ofendosperm 151 Introduction to endosperm types 151 Multicellular endosperm 152 Coenocytic/multicellular endosperm 153 Helobial endosperm 160 Coenocytic endosperm 160 Endosperm haustoria 161 Perisperm 161 Movement ofcarbohydrates into endosperm 163 Storage products in endosperm 165 Aleurone layer and mature endosperm 165 Functions ofendosperm 167 Speculations on endosperm variation 168 Literature cited 169 10 The Embryo 172 Introducing the cotyledon(s) 172 The zygote 172 Proembryo initiation 175 The suspensor - 775 The early proembryo proper 178 Embryogenesis in dicots 179 Embryogenesis in monocots 187 Nutrition oft he embryo 195 Induction of dormancy 201 Green (chlorophyllous) embryos 202 Polyembryony 203 Apomixis 203 Summary: Embryo and seed 204 Literature cited 204