TY - BOOK TI - Atmospheric physics: background-methods-trends/ SN - 978364301827 U1 - 530 PY - 2012/// CY - Berlin PB - Springer N1 - Part I Background 1 The Atmosphere: Vast, Shallow, and Full of Subtleties 3 Andreas Ddrnbraek 1 Introduction 3 2 The Vertical Structure ol the Atmosphere 4 3 The Tropopause Inversion Layer S 4 Atmospheric Circulation Patterns 10 1 .5 Regional Atmospheric Circulations 14 References 15 2 Chemical Composition of the Atmosphere 17 Hans Schlager, Volker Grewe and Ankc Roiger 2.1 Introduction 17 2.2 Recent Achievements in Understanding the Chemical Composition of the Atmosphere 24 2.2.1 Advances in Understanding the Composition of the Polar Stratosphere and Troposphere 24 2.2.2 Advances in Understanding the Composition at Mid-Latitudes 28 2.2.3 Advances in the Understanding of the Composition in the Tropics 30 2.3 Outlook 32 References 33 3 Aerosols in the Atmosphere 37 Andreas Petzold and Bernd Kiircher 3.1 Introduction 37 3.2 Definitions and Properties 39 IX X Sources. Almosphciic Pn>ccssine. .uul Sinks .j s A4 .Spali.il I )jsirihulioii • >! \fiosi»|s j l AS .AlmosphcfK l.ilehuu- .uul I nnp k.inee Ir..nspoii .U, .A6 .Aerosols in iIr- ( jiiii.iie Svsteni js Releienees ^ j 4 Karth\ Kadiation Hudmi: Ilu- Drivtr for Weather and ( liiiiate ss Kail .Vleerkoller .nul .Mareanla \ a/ijiie/ Na\.in»• 4. 1 A l eu KIinsk.iI lAisies 4 - I lie .Sun .nul Soiai l^.ulialioii Keaelinii' I artli S" 4.4 lairlh s K.ulialioii Mntleei in l-.ijnililMinni S.S 4.4 linhalafiees in l .ailh s Kailialion Hmleel r,| 4..S Kelevance ol Saleliiles lor .\h>nilofme llie I .nili Radial ion Hndeei ; 4.h On^'oiiiL' Research Reterences 5 'd^ht Scattering on .Molecide.s in the .Atmosphere 00 Benjamin VVitschas 3.1 Inlrotlnciion (^0 3.2 ('lassilicalion ol la^lil Scaltermg .Mechanisms in .Vloiecniar Ciases 70 3.2.1 Rayleiyh Seallering 71 3.2.2 Raman .Seallering j} 3.2.3 Rayleijih -Brilionin Sealierin^ 75 3.3 The I3ilTerent Speelral Components ol Molecniar Scattereil Light and Its Application in Atmospheric Science 70 References 6 Greenhou.se Kffect, Radiative Forcing and Climate Sensitivity . . . cncmoijcr 7.1 ininHiiiclit>n 7.2 1 hcrnuKiN namics 103 7.3 .Siorm Oream/alion 107 7 3 1 Sinjilc Cell Siorms 107 7 V2 Mulliccll Sloims OW 7.3.3 Sii|x.'rccll Siorms I l l 7.4 Tornadoes and Other Severe Winds 11References ' 8 Thunderstorms: Trace Species (Jenerators 113 Heidi Hunirieser. Harimui Holler and Volker Grewe S. I Iniroduetit)n ^ ^ 3 8.2 l:\perimenlal Sel-l^p of Airborne DLR Thunderstorm f-ield i:\periments Toeiising on LNO^ 117 8.2.1 Investigated Thunderstorm Types IIH 8.2.2 Airborne in Situ Trace (las Measurements 118 8.2.3 Giround-Based Lightning Measurements 1 10 8.2.4 blight Planning Tools and blight Patterns 110 8.2.3 Quantification of LNOy 1-1^ 8.3 Results brom Airborne DLR Thunderstorm bield H.xperiments Focusing on LNC^^ 1-0 8.3.1 LNO, Mixing Ratios in Fresh Anvils Over Europe and NO^ Contribution From the Boundary Layer . . 121 8.3.2 LNO, in the Tropics and Subtropics: Parameters Inniiencing the LNO^ Production Rate 1-3 8.4 Lightning Parameteri/.ation in Models and Results trom Simulations with DLR Models 1-^ 8.5 Climate Impact of LNO^ 1-^1^ 8.6 Conclusions 1-^1 References 1-^^ 9 Ice Supersaturation 1-^^ Klaus Gierens, Peter Spichtinger and Ulrich Schumann 9.1 What is Relative Humidity? 1-^^ 9.2 What is the Origin of Ice Supersaturation ? 138 9.3 Since When Does One Know About Ice Supersaturation in the Atmosphere? 1"^^^ 9.4 Where Does One Find Ice Supersaturation in the Atmosphere and How Often? 1^1 9.5 What are the Properties of Ice Supersaturated Regions? ... . 144 9.6 How Important is Ice Supersaturation for the Atmosphere. for the Weather and for Climate? 1^^ y i '>.7 W Iik Ii .lie iIk* Hielu-sl \ .iliics »»! ke Siijvi>.jliii.ilu»n II) llie Aliin'splieie ' 1 Kctcrericcs 10 Atmospheric Ice l ornialioii Processes l""! licrml K.iichci 10 I IlllKulucin»ii 10,2 Acrosi>1 • Mcili.ilcd Nkulcs »>f Ivc NikIc.iIi"!) 10 2 1 H« HIH'CCMCnlls Ic C Nile le.iln •!) I 10 2 2 Helen»cci)c«»iis lee Nuele.ili'Mi 10 2 ^ ()llier lee Niiele.ilnui Ntiules 10 2 1 lee Niiele.itiof) 111 Cii'iuls • 10 2 ^ Sduiees <>l lee Nuclei 10 ^ I )\ n.iiiiie.il ( oiiliols ol ( jtuiil It e l oiin.ilu'ii 10 M (ieiieralioii nl Su|>eis.ilui.itu»n 10A 2 ( imis I nmialuui In Il«>mt>L'enenus l iee/ine l^^l lOA ^ Kole ol IN 111 CiMus l-oiMi.itioii 1^^- lOA i (■lialieiiL'es to KepieseiiliiiL' Ice l oiiiialioii 111 I..irye-Scale* NhuleK 10.4 ( oiicluiliiij.' Keiiiarks Kcle fences II l)ettcli4 100 178 17^) 182 182 185 185 Contents ^^jjj 13 Atmosphci ic Acoustics 203 Dietrich Hciinanii. Ariluir Schady and Joseph Feng 13.1 Iniioduction 203 13.2 Oiiuioor SiHind Propagation 204 13.3 Sound Propagation Modeling 207 13.4 Applications 209 13.5 Conclusions and Outlook 216 Reterences 14 Aircraft \N ake X'orticcs: From Fundamental Research to Operational Application 219 FYank Hol/apfel and Thomas Cior/. 14.1 The Wake Vtirtex Phenomenon 219 14.2 Decoding Wake Vortex Physics 2*^3 14.3 SimplitVing the Complexity 229 14.4 Wake Vortex Simulation Systems 231 14.5 Assessment and Outlook 235 References 236 15 Contrails: Visible Aviation Induced Climate Impact 239 Clrich Schumann, Kaspar Graf. Hermann Mannstein and Bernhard Mayer 15.1 Introduction ->40 15.2 Contrail Formation 241 15.3 The Schmidt-Appleman Criterion 244 15.4 Contrail Citrus 245 15.5 Radiative Forcing by Contrails 246 15.6 Approximate Radiative Forcing Dependencies 249 15.7 Energy Forcing by Contrail Forming Flights 250 15.8 Estimates of the Climatic Importatice of Contrails 252 15.9 Conclusions ->5-^ References 253 Part II IVIethods 16 Measurements of Nitrogen Oxides and Related Trace Gases . . .. 261 Helmut Ziereis, Paul Stock and Hans Schlager 16.1 Introduction 261 16.2 Challenges of Airborne Trace Gas Measurement 262 16.3 Atmo.spheric Trace Gas Measurement Techniques 264 16.4 Mea.surement of Nitrogen Oxide 264 16.5 NOy and NO2 Conversion 266 16.6 O3 Measurement Technique 267 XIV If).7 CO Mciisiirciiieni rcchiiujuc K).S ('()> Mcasiirctiiciil Icchimiiic If).9 inlets ami .Sani()lifiy Lines If). 10 Calibration - 16.1 1 I'xamples - I 16. 1 I . I .Measiireinents ot .Niiioi-cn ()\iiles L.nutteil by Civil .Airer.itt at I liybt l,e\el - I 16. 1 1 .2 Nitroyen Oxules Measmcments I siny ( imI Aireralt 2 2 16. 1 1 ..^ Cptake ol Keaetive .Nitroyen on Ciiiiis Clomls 2"^ 16.12 Conelusions ami Outlook 2/ 1 Relerenees 17 Chemical lonizatinn Ma.ss Spectrometric Measurements of Atmospheric Trace (iases ' Heinfned Aulniholl. Dominik .Sebaiible. Anke Koiyer. L'rank Arnold. Tina Jurkat. Cbristiane Voiyt and Hans .Seblayei 17.1 Introduction 17.2 Overview ol Present CI.MS leebimiues at IPA 2S0 17.2. 1 Mass .Speetronieters 17 2.2 Ion Mow Keaetor 17 2^ Calibration Sources 17.2.4 Sampliny * I7.2..'S Plallorms lor Atniospberie CIMS Measurements. 17..^ Outlook References 18 In .situ Mca.surement Methods for Atmospheric Aen.sol ^ Particles and Cloud Clements , Andreas Minikin. Andreas Pet/old, Bernadell We.n/ierl and Jean-I^ranvois Ciayet I S.I Introduction , -lov 18.2 Aerosol Microphysieal In .Situ Measurement lechniques. . . . - S IS 3 Challenges of Aircraft Measurements IS.4 Application of Particle Measurement Methods: Hxemplary IPA Research Results 18.4.1 Ultrafine Particle Ob.servations with Condensation Particle Counters 18 4.2 Determining Size Distributions with Optical Particle Counters 18.4.3 Particle Mixing State: Using Thermal Fractionation Techniques 18.4.4 Combining Data of Wing Pod Instruments: Contrail Microphysieal Properties ( ofUfni'. S7.S s xo ^SS Contents 15.5 C\>iK liisions aiui Oiitiook 312 Rctcrcnccs 312 19 Dropsondes and Rudiosondcs for Atmospheric Measurements ... 317 Rciiihold BiiNcn 19.1 imri>vliiction 317 19.2 Radiv>sofuics 31g 19.3 I)ri)pM)ndcs 319 19.4 .Scientific Results t'min Dropsonde Deployments 323 19.3 Oivi.itional Constraints for Drop.sondes and Radiosondes . . . 323 19.6 Suniinarv and Outlook 328 References 328 20 Idi>htnin^ Detection 331 Hartnuit Holler. Hans-Dieter Bet/. lUlrich Finke and Kersten Schmidt 20.1 Introduction 332 20.2 Thunderstorm Klectrification and Lightning 332 20.3 Principles of Lightning Detection 334 20.4 IJghtning Characteristics of Mid-l.atitude and Tropical Thunderstorms 338 20.3 Now'casting. Modeling and Forecasting of Lightning 340 20.6 Lightning Detection From Space 342 References 345 21 Cloud and Precipitation Radar 347 Martin Hagen. Hartmut Holler and Kersten Schmidt 21.1 Introduction 347 21.2 Radar Principles 348 21.2.1 The DLR C-Band Polarization Diversity Doppler Radar 350 21.2.2 Radar Parameters 330 21.2.3 Radar Products 354 21.3 Radar Observations of Thunderstorms 356 21.3.1 POLDIRAD Ob.servations of A Supercell Storm. . . 336 21.3.2 Multiple-Doppler Observations of a Single Cell Storm 358 21.4 Cloud Radar 359 21.3 Summary and Outlook 360 References 36] 22 Weather Nowcasting and Short Term Forecasting 363 Arnold Tafferner and Caroline Forster 22.1 Introduction 363 XVI ( cjiUrni*. 22.2 Nowciislin^' 'I cchinijiics ' 22.2.1 ('oiiccpliial .Model ' 22.2.2 1-xtrapohiiiofi 22.2..^ Nuincrical lYcdicimn 22.2.4 I'rcdicimi: liiiii.iiioii/l)issip.iinui > • > 22..^ hitcgratcd .Systems tor .Noueasime .iml Slioii term l oreeasimi.' ^"1 22.4 Concliidm^' Kernaiks i 'o kcferciices 23 Iva}4runt4ian Modelinj* of 'I ransporl and Dispersinn of Air Con.stituent.s vS I Robert Haiimann and Mans Sehiaeet 2.^. 1 Introduction 2.^.2 I'ransport .Mode! rv[)es 2.^..^ Model Physics >N4 2.^..^. I .Advection ^^4 2.3..^.2 Vertical .Motion 2.3.3. 3 I.)ispersion 2.3..3.4 Ciravitational SettliiiL' ^'S«^ 2.3..3..S Removal Processes ^«Sd 2.3.4 lixamples ol Application 2.3.4. 1 Origin and I'lansport Pathways ol SO.> Detected in the Lower Stratosphere 2.3.4.2 Piikushima Radioactive Plume over luirope 301 2.3.4..3 HYSPLI'I' Simulations lor l^lanning and Analysis 2^.5 Conclusions References ol I.agrangian Tracer i-.xperiments 306 24 Radiative Traasfer: Methods and Applications 401 Bernhard Mayer. Claudia Bmde. Robert Buras and Arve Kylling 24.1 Radiative Transfer Modeling ■ ■ ■ 24.2 Cloud Remote .Sensing Using Special Observation Cieometries -^".1 24..4 Monte Carlo Radiative Transfer 407 24.4 Applications 'jj ] 24.4.1 The Baekseattcr Glory 41 1 24 4 2 Cloudbow 413 References 25 Ice Cloud Properties From Space ' Luca Bugliaro, Hermann Mannstcin and Stephan Kox 25.1 Introduction Conienis ^ 25.1 I Clouds 417 25.1 2 Saicllilc Rcinoic Sensing of Clouds 418 25.2 Cloud Properties 419 25.2 1 Physieal Properties of Clouds 419 25.2 2 Optieal Properties of Clouds 420 25.2 > Spectral Properties t>f Clouds 421 25..^ Metcosat Second Generation 422 25.4 Ice C loud Retrieval 424 25.4 I lee Cloud Detection: MeCiDA 424 25.4 2 Ice Cloud Optical and Microphysical Properties: APICS 426 25 4 > Synergistie Retrieval: COCS 427 25.5 Validation 428 25.5 I Detection Hftlciency 430 25.5 2 Accuracy of Ice Cloud Optical Thickness 430 25.6 Sununary and OutUH>k 431 References 432 26 Contrail Detection in Satellite Images 433 Hermann Mannstein. Margarita Va/que/-Navarro, Kaspar Graf, David P. Duda and Ulrich Schumann 26.1 Introduction 434 26.2 Historical Development 434 26.3 The DLR Contrail Detection Algorithm 436 26.4 Validation of the Contrail Detection Algorithm CDA 438 26.5 Results 440 26.6 Conclusions 446 References 446 27 Lidar for Aerosol Remote Sensing 449 Matthias Wiegner 27.1 Introduction 449 27.2 Lidar Concept 450 27.3 Retrieval of Geometrical Properties 452 27.4 Retrieval of Optical Properties 453 27.4.1 Backscatter Lidar 454 27.4.2 Raman Lidar 456 27.4.3 Polarization Lidar 457 27.4.4 Optical Characterization of Aerosols 458 27.5 Retrieval of Microphysical Parameters 459 27.6 Examples of Applications 460 27.6.1 Closure Studies 460 27.6.2 Networks 461 27.6.3 Lidar in Space 462 XVIII 27.7 SiiiDriKiry Rclcrcnces .jr,; 2H Measuring Water Vapor with Dirferentiai \l)sorption I.idar Martin Wirth 25.1 Ifitrotliiciioi) .l(,s 25.2 Basics of the Dillcrciitial .Afisorplnm I .ki.ir .MclliotI Jo " 28.3 .Spectral ( haractcristics of \\ .itcr N.ipoi Al>sorptioii too 28.4 h.-xaniplcs of Water Vapor DI.AI. .Me.isuieinenis 28.5 SiJtnniary .j"s References .l'"S 29 Aero.sol ('ia.s.sifieation hy .Advanced Backscatter Lidar Techniques J"7 Sillsj4ieie and Climate 34.4 Model lAaluation ^ 34..'S H.xamples of Results from .Aerosol .Model Smuil.itions t> 34..3. 1 Model Description ^ .M..3.2 Results 34.6 Outlook References 35 Karth Sy.stem .Modeling Patrick Jdckel 35.1 Introduction 35.2 liarth System Models: A Construction (iuiilelme 57.S 35.3 Porcifiiz Terms: Parameteri/ations andleedhack 5.SI 35.4 Operator Splitting: The Pundamental Concept of lairth System Model Implementations 5S2 35.5 Handling Complexity: The Coupling Issue 5S3 35.6 The Modular Harth Submodel System: Towards a Comprehensive Harth System Model 5S5 35.7 The Modular Harth Submodel System: Atmospheric Chemistry and Beyond 5S6 35.8 Harth System Models: Computational Challenges 588 References 36 Evaluating Climate-Chemi.stry Re.sponse and Mitigation Options with AirClim 1 Volker Cirewe and Katrin Dahlmann 36.1 Introduction 36.2 Hrom an Emission to Global Warming 5^J3 36.2.1 Emi.ssions of Long-Lived Species: Carbon Dioxide 36.2.2 Short-Term Air Traffic Impacts 595 36.3 The Concept of the Climate-Chemistry Response Model AirClim 36.4 Verification of the AirClim Model 399 36.5 Evaluating Mitigation Options tor Air Traffic 601 ( OfHrnl*. s s S's s / > / / Contents .Vi.6 Why l-Acn Lar^o Uncertainties in Atmospheric Processes Are Ni>t Limiting Application of Climate Optimization in Aiicratt Design? 36.7 An I sample for an Application of AirClim: Optiini/ing Supersonic Business Jets 604 36.7 ! Basic Components o\' Climate Optimization Systems for Aircraft Design 504 36.7 .: Optimized Aircraft Design 50^ 36.S The I uture: Modeling Climate Response to Tiaftlc Kmissions References Part III Research Trends 37 The Transition From FALCON to HALO Era Airborne Atmospheric Research 5qq Monika Krautstnink and Andreas Ciiez 37.1 Introduction 37.2 From National to International to Olobal Operation 37.3 Research Flight Operations 37.4 Preparation of HALO Science Missions ' ' 37.5 Technical Features of FALCON and HALO 37.6 Major Aircraft Modifications 37.6.1 PALCON's major modifications: 37.6.2 HALO'S major modifications . . 38 The Eyjafjalla Eruption in 2010 and the Volcanic Impact on Aviation Bernadett Weinzierl, Thomas Sailer, Daniel Sauer, Andreas Minikin, Oliver Reitebuch, Bernhard Mayer and Ulrich Schumann 38.1 Introduction 38.2 Disturbance of Air Traffic by Particle Emi.ssions 626 38.3 The Eyjafjalla Eruption in 2010 and Volcanic Ash Measurements by DLR 599 38.4 Is There a Volcanic "Ash Cloud"? 539 38.5 Is it Possible to Visually Detect Volcanic Ash and Distinguish it from Other Aero.sols? 534 38.6 How Often Were Dangerous Ash Concentrations Levels Reached Over Germany Based on the Newly Accepted Threshold Values for Safe Aviation? 638 38.7 The Eyjafjalla Eruption in 2010: Was it an Unusual Event? 539 38.8 Conclusions ^41 References 542 ^ 609 612 614 615 619 619 619 619 39 MitiKatin^ the Impact of Adverse Weather on A\iation f>J> Thomas Cicr/.. Caroline l*orsicr and ArnoUi l.dl rner 39.1 Weather Impaels the .Satet\. Idtieiene). .wui Susi.iitKihilii\ of Aviation 39.2 Weather and Air TralTie .Manaeement 39.3 Weather and Aircraft (v.js 39.4 Integrated Observing and l oreeasting .Svstem (>.Jo 39.5 l-nhaneing .Sitiiational .Awareness o| I hmulersiorms for Might Crews on Hoani .Aireralt (>.}o 39.6 Inronning Air Navigation .SerMces and .Airport .Antlmiities on 'I hunderstorms 39.7 Warning Aviation .Stakeholders ol Wmtei Weather Conditions 39.8 Conclusion and Next .Steps References oss 40 Prohahili.stic Weather Forecasting (,^,1 Cieorge C. Craig 40.1 Introduction 1 40.1 . 1 Improvements in Weather l-orecasting (,01 40.1 .2 Theoretical Limits: Chaos and Scale Interaction 6(i3 40.1 .3 Sources of Longer-Range Predictability ()04 40.2 Representing Uncertainty 0(,5 40.2.1 Laisemble P'orecasting 40.2.2 Sampling Sources of Uncertainty 000 40.2.3 Probabilistic Forecasts 40.3 Verification and Applications ^^70 40.3.1 What Makes a Good Probabilistic Forecast? 070 40.3.2 What Makes a Useful Probabilistic Forecast? 071 40.4 Concluding Remarks 072 References 073 41 Aircraft Kmi.s.sion.s at Cruise and Plume Processes 075 Christiane Voigt, Tina Jurkat, Hans Schlager, Dominik Schiiuble, Andreas Pet/.old and Ulrich Schumann 41.1 Introduction 076 41.2 Aircraft Wake Dynamics and Dilution 078 41.3 Chemical Processing of Aircraft NO^ Emissions 680 41.4 Sulfur Emission, Conversion and Aero.sol Formation 682 41.5 Soot 684 41.6 Contrail Formation, Evolution and Detection 085 41.7 Moving Forward 687 References -. 689 t OnlrfiT*. 42 Cirrus Clouds and Their Representation in Models 693 rinkc Hurkh.irdi and Ingo Soldi 42.1 Physis s of Cirrus Clouds 593 42.2 Modding of Cimis: Bridging the Scale Gap 42..^ LBS Modeling of Cirrus Clouds at the Institute of .•\iinospheric Physics 42.4 Cimis Modeling in Climate Models 42.5 (iloh.il Modeling of Contrail Cirrus at the Institute t>f Annospheric Physics 42.6 Conclusions and Puture Directions Reterences 43 Climute Impact of Transport 7jl Robert Sauscn. Klaus Gierens. Veronika Eyring, Johannes Hendricks and Mattia Righi 4.AI Introduction 7p 43.2 Transport Emissions 714 43.3 Impact on Atmospheric Ozone 715 43.4 Impact on Acro.sol 7j7 43.5 Impact on Clouds 719 43.6 Radiative Forcing and Other Metrics of Climate Change. . . . 720 43.7 Conclusions and a Perspective for the Future 723 References 774 44 Climate Optimized Air Transport 727 Sigrun Matthes, Ulrich Schumann, Volker Grewe, Christine FTdmming. Katrin Dahlmann. Alexander Koch and Hermann Mannstein 44.1 Introduction 72^ 44.2 Climate Optimized Routing: Principles 729 44.3 Mitigation Options 73O 44.3.1 Minimizing CO2 Emissions 730 44.3.2 Minimizing Aviation NO^ Climate Impact 732 44.3.3 Minimizjng Aviation Water Vapor Climate Impact 732 44.3.4 Minimizing Contrail Climate Impact 733 44.4 Mitigation Approaches 734 44.4.1 Climatological Approach for Air Transport System Climate Optimization 735 44.4.2 Flight Route Optimization for Minimum Contrail and Fuel Climate Impact (UFO and CoCiP) 737 44.4.3 Flight Route and Aircraft Design Optimization tor Minimum Weather-Dependent Climate Impact (REACT4C) 740 XXIV 44.4.4 Comparison References 45 Recent and Future Fvniution of the Stratospheric Ozone Layer Martin Oameris and Die 45.1 inlroducfion '4' 45.2 The Chemistry of Straiosphcric O/onc "40 45..^ Stratospheric Circulation aiul O/one i rans|>ori 45.4 Recent Chan^'es in the .Ainounl of Stiatospheric O/onc ">4 45.5 f'uture O/one Developments and Conscijucnccs 45.6 Summary "5o References "Ml 46 How (rood are Chemistry-Cliniate .Models? "f) ^ Veronika l:yrmg, Rierrc I rieillinystcm. lleitli lluntricser. Theodore Cj, Shepherd ami Darryn \K'. VVau^h 46.1 Introduction 764 46.2 Key Processes in the Stratosphere 766 46.2.1 Transport 76t> 46.2.2 Dynamics 766 46.2..^ Radiation 767 46.2.4 Chemistry and Microphysics 767 46.3 Concept for Process-Oriented Model livaluation 767 46.4 Assessment of Chemistry-Climate Models 766 46.5 liarth System Model livaluation 772 46.6 The Role of Observations in Model Evaluation 774 46.7 Summary and Outlook 776 References 778 47 Methane Modeling: From Proces.s Modeling to (riohal Climate Models 781 Andrea Stenke, Rudolf Deckert and Klaus-Dirk Gottschaldt 47.1 Introduction to Atmospheric Methane 781 47.2 Modeling: From Process-Oriented Models to Global Climate Models 786 47.3 Global Modeling and Interpretation of Satellite Data 763 47.4 Outlook 765 References 765 48 Towards a Greenhouse Gas Lidar in Space 766 Gerhard Ehret, Axel Amediek and Mathieu Quatrevalet 48.1 Introduction 800 48.2 The Integral-Path Differential Absorption Lidar Principle . . . 801 Contents xxv 45.3 The 1 lelicopicr-Based Melhane Leak Detection System C^Harm' 805 45.4 Cirouiid-Based IPDA Measurement of Atmospheric C\irbun Dioxide 806 45.5 DLR s Airborne Lidar System tor Carbon Dioxide and Methane Monitoring 808 48.6 Space-Borne Observation of Atmospheric Methane b\ the MBRLIN Mission 809 48.7 Conclusimt 811 References 812 49 The Spaceborne Wind Iddar Mission ADM-Aeolus 815 Oliver Reitelnich 49.1 lmpi>rtance of Wind Observations and Aeolus Mission Requirements 815 49.2 Aeolus Mission and ALADIN Instrument 819 49.3 Pre-launch Validation with an Airborne Demonstrator by DLR 823 References 826 50 Cloud-Aerosol-Radiation Interaction: Towards the Earth CARE Satellite Mission 829 Bernhard Mayer, Robert Buras. Gerhard Ehret, Martin Hagen, Andreas Petzold and Bernadett Weinzierl 50.1 Introduction 830 50.2 Past and Future Airborne Campaigns 832 50.2.1 Airborne Demonstrators 832 50.2.2 Field Campaigns 834 50.2.3 Future Demonstration and Validation with HALO 835 50.3 Fnd-to-Fnd Simulations 836 50.3.1 Models 837 50.3.2 MSI Simulations 837 50.3.3 ATLID Simulations 838 50.4 Po.st-FarthCARF Mission Development 839 References 841 51 Roots, Foundation, and Achievements of the "Institut fiir Physik der Atmosphare" 843 Hans Volkert and Dania Achermann 51.1 Institutional Roots of Atmospheric Physics in Germany .... 51.2 Purpo.se and Tasks of an Aerological Observatory Called "Institut fiir Physik der Atmo.sphiire" 845 51.3 Self-Determined Versus Programmatic Research Funding . XXVI 51.4 l*'xpcrirncnlal ami SiimiialiDn .Achu'. ciiifiils ()\cr Mvc Dccailcs sSn 51.4. 1 I he I'lrsl Dccaile ( ini > luhidoii ami .\h)se to OherplaHenhnten 51.4.2 I he Seeoiul Deeaile I xpeiiineiil ami Simiilalion CiimJed hv 'lu(» Diredois sSj 51.4.3 I he Ihird Dee.nle I-.\peilise lApaiuime to Mieroseale ami (ilohal {•.\leiit ^ 51.4.4 The l-oiirlh Decade l iiml.iiiieiital Kesearch Closely I leil to Practic.d .Xpplicatums Ss I 51.4.5 I he I'ilth Decaile: idespreail Kecoeintioii as Attractive Kesearch Partner ami P.mplover 51.5 Trends ami Outlook louanls 2t)22 S's"' 51.6 Conclmliny Remarks ER -