Principles of geotechnical engineering/
Braja M. Das
- 5th ed.
- Australia: Cengage Learning, 2002.
- 589 p.
Contents Geotechnical Engineering—A Historical Perspective 1 1.1 Geotechnical Engineering Prior to the 18^** Century 1 1.2 Pre-Ciassical Period of Soil Mechanics(1700-1776) 4 1.3 Classical Soil Mechanics—Phase I(1776-1856) 5 1.4 Classical Soil Mechanics—Phase II(1856-1910) 5 1.5 Modern Soil Mechanics 6 1.6 Geotechnical Engineering After 1927 6 References 11 Origin of Soil and Grain Size 13 2.1 Rock Cycle and the Origin ofSoil 13 2.2 Soil-Particle Size 20 2.3 Clay Minerals 21 2.4 Specific Gravity(G^) 28 2.5 Mechanical Analysis ofSoil 29 2.6 Particle-Size Distribution Curve 36 2.7 Particle Shape 40 2.8 Summary 42 Problems 42 References 44 Weight-Volume Relationships, Plasticity, and Structure of Soil 45 3.1 Weight-Volume Relationships 45 3.2 Relationships Among Unit Weight,Void Ratio,Moisture Content, and Specific Gravity 48 3.3 Relationships Among Unit Weight,Porosity,and Moisture Content 51vi Contents 3.4 Various Unit-Weight Relationships 53 3.5 Relative Density 58 3.6 Consistency ofSoil— Atterberg Limits 61 3.7 Liquid Limit(LL) 61 3.8 Plastic Limit(PL) 65 3.9 Shrinkage Limit(SL) 68 3.10 Liquidity Index and Consistency Index 70 3.11 Activity 71 3.12 Plasticity Chart 72 3.13 Soil Structure 73" 3.14 Summary 78 Problems 78 References 81 Engineering Classification of Soil 83 4.1 AASHTO Classification System 83 4.2 Unified Soil Classification System 87 4.3 Summary and Comparison Between the AASHTO and Unified Systems 95 Problems 98 References 99 Soil Compaction 100 5.1 Compaction — General Principles ICQ 5.2 Standard Proctor Test 101 5.3 Factors Affecting Compaction 104 5.4 Modified Proctor Test 107 5.5 Structure of Compacted Clay Soil 110 5.6 Field Compaction 113 5.7 Specifications for Field Compaction 116 5.8 Determination ofField Unit Weight of Compaction 120 5.9 Compaction of Organic Soil and Waste Materials 125 5.10 Special Compaction Techniques 129 5.11 Summary and General Comments 135 Problems 135 References 137 Permeability 139 6.1 Bernoulli's Equation 139 6.2 Darcy's Law 141 6.3 Hydraulic Conductivity 143 6.4 Laboratory Determination of Hydraulic Conductivity 145 .6.5 EmpiricalRelationsforHydraulicConductivity 150Contents vii 6.6 Directional Variation ofPermeability 155 6.7 Equivalent Hydraulic Conductivity in Stratified Soil 157 6.8 Hydraulic Conductivity of Compacted Clayey Soils 160 6.9 Considerations for Hydraulic Conductivity of Clayey Soils in Field Compaction 162 6.10 Moisture Content— Unit Weight Criteria for Clay Liner Construction 164 6.11 Permeability Test in the Field by Pumping from Wells 164 6.12 In Situ Hydraulic Conductivity of Compacted Clay Soils 168 6.13 Summary and General Comments .172 Problems 172 References 176 Seepage 178 7.1 Laplace's Equation of Continuity 178 7.2 Continuity Equation for Solution ofSimple Flow Problems 180 7.3 Flow Nets 183 7.4 Seepage Calculation from a Flow Net 185 7.5 Flow Nets in Anisotropic Soil 189 7.6 Mathematical Solution for Seepage 191 7.7 Uplift Pressure Under Hydraulic Structures 191 7.8 Seepage Through an Earth Dam on an Impervious Base 193 7.9 L.Casagrande's Solution for Seepage Through an Earth Dam 195 7.10 Summary 197 Problems 197 References 198 ® In Situ Stresses 199 8.1 Stresses in Saturated Soil without Seepage 199 8.2 Stresses in Saturated Soil with Upward Seepage 204 8.3 Stresses in Saturated Soil with Downward Seepage 206 8.4 Seepage Force 208 8.5 Use of Filters to Increase the Factor ofSafety Against Heave 213 8.6 Selection ofFilter Material 214 8.7 Capillary Rise in Soils 215 8.8 Effective Stress in the Zone of Capillary Rise 218 8.9 Summary and General Comments 219 Problems 220 References 223 Stresses in a Soil Mass 224 9.1 Normal and Shear Stresses on a Plane 224 9.2 Stress Caused by a Point Load 229 9.3 Vertical Stress Caused by a Line Load 231viii Contents 9.4 Vertical Stress Caused by a Strip Load (Finite Width and Infinite Length) 234 9.5 Vertical Stress Due to Embankment Loading 237 9.6 Vertical Stress Below the Center of a Uniformly Loaded Circular Area 241 9.7 Vertical Stress at Any Point below a Uniformly Loaded Circular-Area 242 9.8 Vertical Stress Caused by a Rectangularly Loaded Area 242 9.9 Influence Chart for Vertical Pressure 251 9.10 Summary and General Comments 254 Problenis 254 References 258 to Compressibility of Soil 259 10.1 Contact Pressure and Settlement Profile 259 10.2 Relations for Immediate Settlement Calculation 261 10.3 Improved Relationship for Immediate Settlement 263 10.4 Fundamentals of Consolidation 268 10.5 One-Dimensional Laboratory Consolidation Test 271 10.6 Void Ratio-Pressure Plots 273- 10.7 Normally Consolidated and Overconsolidated Clays 274 10.8 Effect of disturbance on-Void Ratio-Pressure Relationship 277 10.9 Calculation of settlement from One-Dimensional Primary Consolidation 280 10.10 Compression Index(CJ and Swell Index(C,) 281 10.11 Secondary Consolidation Settlement 285 10.12 Time Rate of Consolidation 287 10.13 Coefficient of Consolidation 292 10.14 Calculation of Consolidation Settlement Under a Foundation 300 10.15 Method of Accelerating Consolidation Settlement 302 10.16 Summary and General Comments 304 Problems 305 References 309 tt Shear Strength of Soil 311 11.1 Mohr-Coulomb Failure Criterion 311 11.2 Inclination of the Plane failure Caused by Shear 313 11.3 Laboratory Tests for Determination of Shear Strength Parameters 314 11.4 Direct Shear Test 315 11.5 Drained Direct Shear Test on Saturated Sand and Clay 318 11.6 General Comments on Direct Shear Test 320 11.7 Triaxial Shear Test— General 323 11.8 Consolidated-Drained Triaxial Test 324 11.9 Consolidated-Undrained Triaxial Test 332 .11.10 Unconsolidated-Undrained TriaxialTest 337Contents ix 11.11 Unconfined Compression Test on Saturated Clay 339 11.12 Stress Path 340 11.13 Vane Shear Test 346 11.14 Other Methods for Determining Undrained Shear Strength 350 11.15 Sensitivity and Thixotropy of Clay 350 11.16 Empirical Relationships Between Undrained Cohesion(c„)and Effective Overburden Pressure {cr'o) 354 11.17 Shear Strength of Unsaturated Cohesive Soils 356 11.18 Summary and General Comments 357 Problems 358 References 363 Lateral Earth Pressure: At-Rest,Rankine,and Coulomb 364 12.1 At-Rest,Active,and Passive Pressures 364 12.2 Earth Pressure at Rest 366 12.3 Earth Pressure at Rest for Partially Submerged Soil 368 12.4 Lateral Pressure on Retaining Walls from Surcharges— Based on Theory of Elasticity 371 12.5 Rankine's Theory of Active Pressure 374 12.6 Theory of Rankine's Passive Pressure 377 12.7 Yielding of Wall of Limited Height 378 12.8 Diagrams for Lateral Earth Pressure Distribution Against Retaining Walls 380 12.9 Rankine Active and Passive Pressure with Sloping Backfill 392 12.10 Coulomb's Active Pressure 396 12.11 Graphic Solution for Coulomb's Active Earth Pressure 398 12.12 Active Force on Retaining Walls with Earthquake Forces 402 12.13 Pae for Soil Backfill 407 12.14 Coulomb's Passive Pressure 411 12.15 Passive Force on Retaining Walls with Earthquake Forces 413 12.16 Summary and General Comments 414 Problems 415 References 419 Lateral Earth Fressure—Curved Failure Surface 420 13.1 Retaining Walls with Friction 420 13.2 Properties of a Logarithmic Spiral 422 13.3 Procedure for Determination ofPassive Earth Pressure, (Cohesionless Backfill) 424 13.4 Coefficient ofPassive Earth Pressure,Kp 426 13.5 Passive Force on Walls with Earthquake Forces 428 13.6 Braced Cuts— General 430 13.7 Determination of Active Thrust on Bracing Systems ofOpen Cuts in Granular Soil 434 contents 13.8 Determination of Active Thrust on Bracing Systems for Cuts in Cohesive Soil 437 13.9 Pressure Variation for Design of Sheetings,Struts,and Wales 438 13.10 Dynamic Earth Pressure Distribution Behind a Wall Rotating About the Top 441 13.11 Summary 442 Problems 442 References 444 Slope Stability 445 14.1 Factor of Safety 447 14.2 Stability ofInfinite Slopes 448 14.3 Finite Slopes — General 453 14.4 Analysis of Finite Slopes with Plane Failure Surfaces (Culmann's Method) 454 14.5 Analysis of Finite Slopes with Circular Failure Surfaces — General 457 14.6 Mass Procedure — Slopes in Homogeneous Clay Soil with <^ =0 458 14.7 Mass Procedure for Stability of saturated Clay Slopes > =0condition) with Earthquake Forces 463 14.8 Mass Procedure — Slopes in Homogeneous Soil 466 14.9 Ordinary Method ofSlices 472 14.10-Bishop's Simplified Method ofSlices 476 14.11 Stability Analysis by Method of Slices for Steady State Seepage 477 14.12 Morgenstern's Method ofSlicesfor Rapid Drawdown Condition 485 14.13 Cousin's Charts 488 14.14 Fluctuation factor of safety ofSlopes in Clay Embankment on Saturated Clay 492 14.15 Summary and General Comments 495 Problems 497 References 502 15 Soil-Bearing Capacity for Shallow Foundations 503 15.1 Ultimate Soil-Bearing Capacity for Shallow Foundations 504 15.2 Terzaghi's Ultimate Bearing Capacity Equation 506 15.3 General Bearing Capacity Equation 512 ISA Effect of ground Water Table 516 15.5 Factor of Safety 517 15.6 Ultimate Load for Shallow Foundations Under Eccentric Load 523 15.7 Bearing Capacity ofSand Based on Settlement 526 15.8 Plate Load Test 528 15.9 Ultimate Bearing Capacity on Layered Soil 530 15.10 Summary and General Comments 538 Problems 538 • References 542Contents xi Landfill Liners and Geosynthetics 544 16.1 Landfill Liners — Overview 544 16.2 Geosynthetics 545 16.3 Geotextiles . 545 16.4 Geomembranes 548 16.5 Geonets 550 16.6 Single Clay Liner and Single Geomembrane Liner Systems 551 16.7 Recent Advances in the Liner Systems for Landfills 552 16.8 Leachate Removal Systems 553 16.9 Closure of Landfills 555 16.10 Summary and General Comments 556 References 557 ^7 Subsoil Exploration 558 17.1 Planning for Soil Exploration 558 17.2 Boring Methods 560 17.3 Common Sampling Methods 563 17.4 Sample Disturbance 566 17.5 Correlations for Standard Penetration Test 566 17.6 OtherIn Situ Tests 570 17.7 Rock Coring 573 17.8- Soil Exploration Report 575 Problems 577