PREFACE vii
PART I INTRODUCTION 3
1. Eruptions, Jargon, and History 5
A Grey Volcano in Eruption Galunggung 1982 6
A Red Volcano in Eruption Kilauea 1974 16
Some Basic Terminology 22
History of Volcanology 27
Further Reading 39
Questions for Thought, Study, and Discussion 40
PART II THE BIG PICTURE 43
2. Global Perspectives Plate Tectonics and Volcanism 45
Birth of a Theory 45
Volcanoes along Divergent Plate Boundaries 51
Volcanoes along Convergent Plate Boundaries 53
Intraplate Volcanoes 60
Further Reading 63
Questions for Thought, Study, and Discussion 64
3. The Nature of Magma Where Volcanoes Come From 65
Origins of Magma 65
The Physics and Chemistry of Melting 68
Classification of Magma and Igneous Rocks 72
Principal Magma Types 73
Magmatic and Volcanic Gases 78
Further Reading 86
Questions for Thought, Study, and Discussion 87
4. The Physical Properties of Magma and Why it Erupts 89
Magma Temperatures 89
Magma Rheology 91
Magma Ascent and Emplacement 94
Frozen Magma Subvolcanic Intrusives 100
Triggers for Volcanic Eruptions Why Volcanoes Erupt 105
Repose Intervals 108
Further Reading 109
Questions for Thought, Study, and Discussion 110
PART III VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS AND THEIR PRODUCTS 113
5. Classifying Volcanic Eruptions 115
Lacroix Classification System 117
Rittman Diagrams 118
Geze Classification Diagram 119
Walker Classification System 119
Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI) 123
Further Reading 125
Questions for Thought, Study, and Discussion 126
6. Effusive Volcanic Eruptions and Their Products 127
Mafic and Intermediate Effusive Eruptions 128
Pahoehoe and 0A0a 135
Pyroducts 138
Pahoehoe Surface Structures 147
Lava Flow Internal Structures 157
0A0a Surface Structures 162
Block Lavas 166
Radiocarbon Dating of Prehistoric Lava Flows 170
Further Reading 171
Questions for Thought, Study, and Discussion 172
7. An Overview of Explosive Eruptions and Their Products 173
Ejecta Classification 174
Explosive Eruption Styles and Their Products 188
Pyroclastic Density Currents (PDCs) 204
Further Reading 220
Questions for Thought, Study, and Discussion 221
8. A Closer Look at Large-scale Explosive Eruptions 223
Measuring the Sizes of Plinian Eruptions 224
Plinian Eruption Dynamics 224
Pyroclastic Density Currents (PDCs) 235
Directed Blasts 255
Super-Eruptions 258
Further Reading 261
Questions for Thought, Study, and Discussion 262
PART IV VOLCANIC LANDFORMS AND SETTINGS 265
9. Constructional ( Positive ) Volcanic Landforms 267
Large Igneous Provinces 267
Shield Volcanoes 270
Composite Volcanoes 283
Minor Volcanic Landforms 290
Volcano Old Age and Extinction 308
Further Reading 314
Questions for Thought, Study, and Discussion 315
10. Negative Volcanic Landforms Craters and Calderas 317
Small Craters 318
Calderas 321
Post-caldera Resurgence 331
Caldera Formation Mechanisms 335
Caldera Roots Relationships to Plutonic Rocks 336
Volcano-tectonic Depressions 336
Further Reading 338
Questions for Thought, Study, and Discussion 339
11. Mass-wasting Processes and Products 341
Landslides, Avalanches, and Sector Collapses 341
Lahars 347
Causes of Lahars 350
Lahar Dynamics 354
Lahar Destructiveness 356
Further Reading 358
Questions for Thought, Study, and Discussion 359
12. Volcanoes Unseen and Far Away 361
Submarine and Subglacial Volcanoes The Meeting of Fire, Water, and Ice 362
Extraterrestrial Volcanoes 377
Further Reading 392
Questions for Thought, Study, and Discussion 393
PART V HUMANISTIC VOLCANOLOGY 395
13. Volcanoes: Life, Climate, and Human History 397
Volcanoes and the Origin of Life 397
Volcanoes, Atmosphere, and Climate 398
Volcanic Influence on Soil Fertility and Agriculture 406
Volcanoes and Human History 407
Social Impact of Volcanic Eruptions 408
Further Reading 411
Questions for Thought, Study, and Discussion 412
14. Volcanic Hazards and Risk Monitoring and Mitigation 413
Hazards and Risk 414
Active, Dormant, and Extinct Volcanoes 414
Volcanic Hazards 416
Volcanic Risk 425
Volcano Monitoring 443
Volcanic Crisis Management 455
Further Reading 462
Questions for Thought, Study, and Discussion 463
15. Economic Volcanology 465
Earth Energy Relationships 465
Volcano Energy 466
Stored Energy: Geothermal Power 467
Volcanoes and Ore Deposits 470
Other Useful Volcanic Materials 475
Further Reading 477
Questions for Thought, Study, and Discussion 478
Epilogue: The Future of Volcanology 479
References 481
Index 521
Appendix: List of Prominent World Volcanoes 538
Map: Prominent World Volcanoes 540
Companion website available at www.wiley.com/go/lockwood/volcanoes
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