Politics of the Middle East: cultures and conflicts /
Michael G. Roskin, James J. Coyle
- 2nd ed.
- Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Pearson/Prentice Hall, c2008.
- xx, 340 p.: ill., maps; 24 cm.
Includes bibliography and index.
Feature Boxes xiii Preface xix Part I Cultures 1 Chapter 1 Civilization and Its Cradle 1 The Lay of the Land 5 The Importance of the Spoken Word Shared Cultural Characteristics 9 The Ancients and Their Conflicts 13 The European Empires 17 Conclusions 20 Key Terms 20 Further Reference 21 Chapter 2 The Birth of Islam 22 Muhammad 22 Muhammad’s Role 26 Birth of Shi’ism 27 The Choice of the Caliphs 28 The Umayyads 30 The Abbasids 32 The Abbasid Caliphate 32 Challenges to Orthodoxy 34 The End of the Arab Empire 35 The Fatimids 35 The Mamluks 35 Iranian Dynasties 38 Conclusions 39 Key Terms 40 Further Reference 40 Chapter 3 The Ottoman Empire 42 The Ottomans 42 The Janissaries 45 The Reign of Sulayman 46 Ottoman Succession 47 Economic Decline 48 The Sick Man of Europe 49 Military Reform 49 The Tanzimat 51 The Committee of Union and Progress 52 World War I 54 Conclusions 55 Key Terms 56 Further Reference 56 Part II Arab-Israeli Conflicts 57 Chapter 4 Origins of the Israel-Palestine War 57 Kingdoms and Conquests 58 The Long Diaspora 62 The Rise of Modem Zionism 64 The Rise of Arab Nationalism 67 The Impact of World War I 68 The Mandate 69 The First Arab-Jewish Clashes 71 Conclusions 76 Key Terms 77 Further Reference 77 Chapter 5 The Very Long War 79 The 1948 War 79 The Origin of Palestinian Refugees 85 The Rise of Nasser 88 The 1956 War 89 The Six Day War 91 The 1973 War 93 The Lebanon Incursion 97 Conclusions 100 Key Terms 101 Further Reference 101 Chapter 6 Is Peace Possible? 102 Sadat’s Incredible Journey 103 The Problem That Won’t Go Away 105 The Second Palestinian Intifada 112 Incompatible Demands 112 The West Bank 118 Jerusalem 120 Right to Return 121 The Downward Spiral 122 Conclusions 123 Key Terms 123 Further Reference 124 Part III The North 125 Chapter 7 Turkey 125 From Empire to Republic 125 Independence War 126 Independence Tribunals 129 The Free Party Experiment 130 Ismet Inonii 130 The Democratic Party 131 Military Suspicions 132 Democratic Rule 132 The 1961 Military Revolution 134 New Political Faces 135 The "Coup by Memorandum" 135 Return to Elections 135 The Third Coup 137 The Rise of Refah 138 Military Moves against Refah 140 The Justice and Development Party 142 Terrorism Returns 143 Conclusions 144 Key Terms 145 Further Reference 145 Chapter 8 The Kurds 146 Who Are the Kurds? 146 A History of Seeking a Nation 148 World War I and Its Aftermath 150 The Simko Rebellion 151 The Mahabad Republic 152 The Rise of Barzani 154 The Role of the United States 156 The Kurds in Iran’s Islamic Revolution 157 The Iran-Iraq War 158 The Kurdish Break with Iraq 159 The First Gulf War 159 The Rise of the PKK 161 The Capture of Ocalan 163 Conclusions 164 Key Terms 165 Further Reference 165 Part IV The Rise of the Oil Kingdoms 167 Chapter 9 Iran 167 The Safavids 167 The Qajars 169 Enter the West 170 The Constitutional Revolution of 1906 172 World War II 175 Shah Muhammad Reza 177 The Soviet Threat 178 Muhammad Mossadeq and Oil 179 Operation Ajax 180 Khomeini’s Opposition to the White Revolution 181 Conclusions 184 Key Terms 184 Further Reference 185 Chapter 10 Saudi Arabia 186 Muhammad ibn Saud 186 Round Two 187 Round Three 189 World War I 190 The Ikhwan 190 Saudi Arabia Enters the World Stage 194 Saudi-Egyptian Rivalry 194 Faisal’s Two Turns 196 The 1967 Arab-Israeli War 198 The 1973 Arab-Israeli War 199 Kingdom of Denial 200 Conclusions 202 Key Terms 203 Further Reference 203 Chapter 11 Iraq and Kuwait 204 Iraq 204 Post-Faisal Iraq 208 World War II 209 The Rise of the Baath 211 The June 1967 War 213 Kuwait 215 Kuwait’s British Connection 215 Mubarak 216 World War I and Kuwait 217 Conclusions 219 Key Terms 219 Further Reference 219 PartV Conflicts: The Gulf Wars * 221 Chapter 12 The Iranian Revolution and War with Iraq 221 The Pressure Cooker 221 The Beginning of the Revolution 222 Khomeini in Paris 223 The Last Imperial Government 223 The First Revolutionary Government 225 Iran’s Islamic Constitution 226 The Hostage Crisis 227 The Failed Hostage Rescue 228 Bani Sadr: The Last of the Liberals 228 The Iran-Iraq War 230 The American Tilt 231 U.S. Naval Involvement 231 Saddam Takes the Offensive 231 Constitutional Crisis 232 The Rafsanjani Years 234 The Urge to Reform 235 Reformists Blocked 236 The Iranian Nuclear Crisis 238 Conclusions 239 Key Terms 239 Further Reference 239 Chapter 13 The First Gulf War 241 The Weak American Response 242 The Invasion of Kuwait 245 Kuwaiti Lobbying 247 From Desert Shield to Desert Storm 247 Ground Attack 250 The Failed Rebellions 251 The War over Weapons of Mass Destruction 252 The Clinton Years 253 Conclusions 255 Key Terms 256 Further Reference 256 Chapter 14 The 2003 Iraq War and Aftermath 257 Covert War in Afghanistan 258 The Iraq War 262 The Quick War 265 From Tyranny to Anarchy 267 Iraq’s Kurds 271 The Shi’a Problem 273 The Future of Iraq 274 Conclusions 275 Key Terms 275 Further Reference 275 Part VI Islamic Wars? 277 Chapter 15 Middle Eastern Modernization and Democratization 277 Failure of Modernization? 277 Ready for Democracy? 282 The Rocky Iraqi Road 288 Can Saudi Arabia Democratize? 290 Can Egypt Democratize? 292 Conclusions 294 Key Terms 295 Further Reference 295 Chapter 16 Political Islam and Terrorism 297 Islamist Terrorism 302 A1 Qaeda 303 Terrorist Attacks 307 9/II 311 Lessons Learned 311 Conclusions 313 Key Terms 313 Further Reference 313 Chapter 17 The United States and the Middle East 315 U.S. Even-Handedness 316 The Nixon Tilt 317 What Role for America? 321 The Muslim World after the War 322 What Next for U.S. Policy? 323 Islamic Rage and U.S. Response 326 Conclusions 332 Key Terms 332 Further Reference 332