Computer fundamentals /
Pradeep k. Sinha and Sinha, Priti
- 4th ed.
- New Delhi : BPB publication , 2007.
- 457 p.
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION Characteristics of Computers Evolution of Computers Computer Generations. First Generation (1942-1955) Second Generation (1955-1964) Third Generation (1964-1975).. Fourth Generation (1975-1989) Fifth Generation (1989-Present). CHAPTER 2: BASIC COMPUTER ORGANIZATION Input Unit... Output Unit. Storage Unit Arithmetic Logic Unit Control Unit Central Processing Unit The System Concept CHAPTER 3: NUMBER SYSTEMS . Non-Positional Number Systems Positional Number Systems Binary Number System Octal Number System Hexadecimal Number System. Converting from One Number System to Another Converting from Another Base to Decimal Converting from Decimal to Another Base (Division-Remainder Technique) Converting from a Base Other Than 10 to Another Base Other Than 10 Shortcut Method for Binary to Octal Conversion Shortcut Method for Octal to Binary Conversion Shortcut Method for Binary to Hexadecimal Conversion Shortcut Method for Hexadecimal to Binary Conversion Fractional Numbers CHAPTER 4; COMPUTER CODES BCD Code EBCDIC Zoned and Packed Decimal Numbers. ASCII Unicode.. Need for Unicode? Unicode Features Unicode Encoding Forms Collating Sequence CHAPTER 5: COMPUTER ARITHMETIC Why Binary? Binary Arithmetic. Addition Subtraction. Multiplication Division. CHAPTER 6: BOOLEAN ALGEBRA AND LOGIC CIRCUITS Boolean Algebra Fundamental Concepts of Boolean Algebra. Postulates of Boolean Algebra The Principle of Duality Theorems of Boolean Algebra, Boolean Functions Minimization of Boolean Functions Complement of a Function Canonical Forms of Boolean Functions Conversion Between Canonical Forms Logic Gates. AND Gate OR Gate.. NOT Gate NANDGate.. NOR Gate Logic Circuits. Converting Expressions to Logic Circuits The Universal NAND Gate The Universal NOR Gate Exclusive-OR ana Equivalence Functions Design of Combinational Circuits Design of Half-Adder Design of Full-Adder. A Parallel Binary Adder HAPTER 7: PROCESSOR AND MEMORY Central Processing Unit (CPU) Control Unit (CU) Arithmetic Logic unit (alu) Instruction Set Registers Processor Speea Types of Processors Main Memory Storage Evaluation Criteria Main Memory Organization. Main Memory Capacity RAM, ROM, PROM and EPROM . Cache Memory 1APTER 8: SECONDARY STORAGE DEVICE^ / Sequential and Direct-Access Devices Magnetic Tape Basic Principles of Operation Types of Magnetic Tapes Advantages and Limitations of Magnetic Tapes Uses of Magnetic Tapes Magnetic Disk Basic Principles of Operation. Types of Magnetic Disks Advantages and Limitations of Magnetic Disks. Uses of Magnetic Disks Optical Disk Basic Principles of Operation Types of Optical Disks Advantages and Limitations of Optical Disks.. Uses of Optical Disks Memory Storage Devices Flash Drive (Pen Drive). Memory Card (SD/MMC) Mass Storage Devices Disk Array Automated Tape Library. CD-ROM Jukebox Storage Hierarchy CHAPTER 9: INPUT-OUTPUT DEVICES, input Devices Keyboard Devices Point-and-Draw Devices Data Scanning Devices Digitizer Electronic-card Reader Speech Recognition Devices Vision-Input System Output Devices . Monitors Printers. Plotters Screen Image Projector Voice Response Systems CHAPTER 10: COMPUTER SOFTWARE What is software? Relationship between Hardware and Software Types of Software., System Software Aoplication Software Logical System Architecture Acquiring Software Buying Pre-wht'ten Software Ordering Customized Software Developing Customized Software Downloading Public-domain Software Software Development Steps Firmware Middleware CHAPTER 11: PLANNING THE COMPUTER PROGRAM Purpose of Program Planning Algorithm What is an Algorithm? Sample Algorithms Representation of Algorithms Flowcharts What is a Flowchart? Why Use Flowcharts? Flowchart Symbols Sample Flowcharts Levels of Flowcharts Flowcharting Rules Advantages and Limitations of Flowcharts Pseudocode What is Pseudocode? Pseudocodes for Basic Logic (Control) Structures Sample Pseudocode Advantages and Limitations of Pseudocode CHAPTER 12: COMPUTER LANGUAGES Analogy with Natural Languages Machine Language Advantages and Limitations of Machine Language Assembly Language Assembler Advantages of Assembly Language over Machine Language Limitations of Assembly Language Assembly Languages with Macro instructions. High-level Language Compiler Linker Interpreter Intermediate Languase Compiler and Interpreter Advantages and Limitations of High-level Languages Object-Oriented Programming Languages Some High-level Languages FORTRANCOBOL BASIC.. Pascal.. C and C++ Some More High-level Languages. Java Of RPC LISP SNOBOL Characteristics of a Good Programming Language Selecting a Language for Coding an Application Subprogram CHAPTER 13: SYSTEM IMPLEMENTATION AND OPERATION Testing and Debugging Definition of Testing and Debugging Types of Program Errors Testing a Program Debugging a Program for Syntax Errors Debugging a Program for Logic Errors Difference between Testing and Debugging Documentation What is Documentation? Need for Documentation Forms of Documentation Changeover to the Ne>v System Changeover Operations Changeover Methods System Evaluation System Maintenance CHAPTER 14: OPERATING SYSTEMS What is an Operating System? Main Functions of an Operating System Measuring System Performance Process Management Process Management in Early Systems Multiprogramming. Multitasking Multithreading. Multiprocessing Time-sharing Memory Management. Uniprogramming Memory Model Multiprogramming Memory Models Virtual Memory File Management File Access Methods File Operations. File Naming Security Command Interpretation OS Capability Enhancement Software Translating Programs Library Programs Utility Programs. Some Popular Operating Systems UNIX MS-DOS Microsoft Windows Microsoft Windows ni Linux CHAPTER 15: APPLICATION SOFTWARE PACKAGES, Word-Processing Package What it is?. Commonly Supported Features Spreadsheet Package What it is? Commonly Supported Features Graphics Package What it is? Commonly Supported Features Personal Assistance Package What it is? Commonly Supported Features CHAPTER 16: BUSINESS DATA PROCESSING. What is Data Processing? Data Storage Hierarchy Standard Methods of Organizing Data File-oriented Approach. Database-oriented Approach File Management System, File Types File Organizations File Utilities Database Management System Database Models Main Components of a DBMS Creating and Using a Database CHAPTER 17: DATA COAAMUNICATlONS AND COMPUTER NETWORKS Basic Elements of a Communication System Data Transmission Modes Data Transmission Speed Data Transmission Media. Tvristed-Pair Wire Coaxial Cable Microwave System Communications Satellite Optical Fibers Digital and Analog Data Transmission Modulation Techniques Modems Analog versus Digital Transmission Data Transmission Services Multiplexing Techniques Asynchronous and Synchronous Transmission Asynchronous Transmission Synchronous TransmiSwitching Techniques Circuit Switching Message Switching Packet Switching. Routing Techniques. Network Topologies. Star Network Ring Network Completely Connected Network Multi-access Bus Network Hybrid Network Network Types (LAN, WAN, and MAN) Communication Protocols Roles of a Communication Protocol Concept of Layered Protocols in Network Design . Network Interface Cards The OSI Model Example of Message Transfer in the OSI Model Internetworking Tools Wireless Networks Types of Wireless Computing Systems Issues in Wireless Computing Systems Wireless Applications. Wireless Technologies Distributed Computing Systems CHAPTER 18; THE INTERNET Definition (What it is?) Brief History Its Basic Services. Electronic Mail File Transfer Protocol Telnet.. Usenet News The World Wide Web WWW Browsers Uses of the Internet CHAPTER 19: MULTIMEDIA What is Multimedia? What is a Multimedia Computer System! Multimedia Components Text Graphics Animation Audio Video Multimedia Applications Media Center Computer Media Center PC Features and Functionalities. CHAPTER 20: CLASSIFICATION OF COMPUTERS Notebook Computers (laptops). Personal Computers (PCs) Workstations Mainframe Systems Supercomputers Client and Server Computers Handheld Computers. Tablet PC PDA/Pocket PC Smartphone CHAPTER 21: INTRODUCTION TO C PROGRAAAMING LANGUAGE Introduction Character Set, constants, Variables, Keywords, and Comments.. Character Set Constants Variables Keywords Comments Operators Statements Performing Simple I/O Operations in C. Preprocessor Directives Pointers, Arrays, and Strings Pointers Arrays Strings User Defined Data Types Structure Union Control Structures. Loop Structures. Functions Sample Programs