Europa--the ocean moon: search for an alien biosphere/
Richard Greenberg.
- Berlin ; New York : Chichester, UK : Springer ; Praxis Pub., c2005.
- xv, 380 p. : ill. (some col.) ; 25 cm.
Includes bibliographical references (p. [355]-373) and index.
PART ONE DISCOVERING EUROPA ................... 1 1 W ater W orld ................. ...................... 3 1.1 Life on a water world ................... ......... 3 1.2 Is this for real? .................................. . 4 1.3 Tides .......................................... 6 2 Touring the surface ................. .................. 7 2.1 The global picture ............................... 7 2.2 Zoom in to the regional scale ....................... 14 2.3 Zooming closer: surface morphology ................... 18 2.4 Ridges ................. ....................... . 20 2.5 Chaotic terrain ................................ . 23 3 Politics and intellect: Converting images into ideas and knowledge . . .. 29 3.1 Politics on board .................. .............. 31 3.2 M ethods of the geologists .......................... 32 3.3 The rule of canon law ............................ 34 3.4 Galileo in the 20th century ......................... 36 3.5 Technological obsolescence ........................... 38 PART TWO TIDES. .................... .......... 5 4 Tides and resonance .................................. 47 4.1 Act locally, think globally.......................... . 47 4.2 Tidal distortion-the primary component ................ 49 4.3 Galileo data, the Laplace resonance, and orbital eccentricity. . . . 51 4.4 The effect of orbital eccentricity-the variable component of the tides .................. . ................... . . 54 4.5 Effects of tides ................... . ............. 57 5 Tides and rotation ............................... . ... 61 5.1 Synchronous rotation from the primary tidal component..... . . 61 5.2 Non-synchronous rotation from the diurnal tide . . . . . . . . ... 63 5.3 Rotational effects on Europa................... ..... 67 6 Tides and stress .................................... 71 6.1 Tidal stress due to non-synchronous rotation ............. 74 6.2 Tidal stress due to diurnal variation ........ ........... .. 80 6.3 Tidal stress: non-synchronous and diurnal stress combined . . .. 83 7 Tidal heating ...................................... 85 8 Tides and orbital evolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . .... 91 8.1 Orbital theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . ...... 91 8.2 Politics takes control ........ . .................. .. 97 PART THREE UNDERSTANDING EUROPA ............. . . 101 9 Global cracking and non-synchronous rotation ................. 103 9.1 Lineaments formed by cracking ................. ..... 103 9.2 The tectonic record of non-synchronous rotation ........... 105 9.3 How fast does Europa rotate? ................. ...... 112 9.4 Large-scale tectonic patterns-summary ............... 116 10 Building ridges ..................................... .. 117 10.1 Other ridge formation models ................. ...... 122 10.2 Downwarping, marginal cracking, multi-ridge complexes, and dark m argins ................................... . 127 10.3 Cracking through to the ocean .. .............. .. ..... 131 11 Dilation of cracks ................................... . 133 12 Strike-slip ......................................... . 145 12.1 Displacement at Astypalaea .. .............. .... ..... 146 12.2 Tidal walking .................................. 145 12.3 Predicting strike-slip ............................. 151 12.4 Surveying strike-slip on Europa ................. ... . 157 12.5 Particularly-striking examples . . . . . . . . . . . . .... ....... .162 12.5.1 The greatest displacement champion . . . . . . . . . . ... 162 12.5.2 A time sequence of strike-slip . ................. 167 12.5.3 A long, bent, equatorial cycloid in RegMap 01... . . . 168 12.6 Polar wander ................... .............. 173 12.7 Strike-slip summary................... ........... 178 13 Return to Astypalaea ............................ 181 14 Cycloids .................................... ....... 191 15 Rotation revisited ................ .................. . 207 15.1 Cycloid constraints on the rotation rate ................. 207 15.2 Contradictions with previous work ................. . . . 210 15.3 Back to Udaeus-M inos .......................... . 211 16 Chaos ........ ...................................... 219 16.1 Characteristic appearance ...... ............ ....... . 219 16.2 Three hypotheses for formation of chaos ................ 227 16.3 Our survey .................. ................. 231 16.4 M elt-through .................................. . 238 16.5 Volcanism , not ................................. . 243 16.6 Heat for melt-through ............................ 247 17 Crust convergence ................................... . 251 17.1 Balancing the surface area budget ................. ... 251 17.2 Surface corrugations ............................. 252 17.3 Chaotic terrain as a surface area sink . ................. 254 17.4 Convergence bands .............................. 255 17.5 The Evil Twin of Agenor ......................... 258 18 The scars of impact ................... ............... 265 18.1 Gauges of age and crust thickness ................. . . .. 265 18.2 Numbers of impact features: Implications for surface age . . . . . 266 18.3 Appearance of impact features: Implications for ice thickness. .. 269 19 Pits and uplifts ..................................... 285 19.1 Undeniable (if you know what's good for you) facts ........ 285 19.2 The myth of pits, spots, and domes ...... ............. 287 19.2.1 PSDs and lenticulae ....................... . 291 19.2.2 Are any PSDs pits or domes? . ................. 293 19.2.3 Farewell to PSDs .......................... 295 19.3 Survey of pits and uplifts .......................... 297 19.3.1 Pit counts . . .. .. .. . .. .. . .. .. .. . . .. . . .. . .. 298 19.3.2 U plift counts ............................. 302 19.4 Formation of pits and uplifts .. .............. ....... 306 19.4.1 Survey results vs. the PSD taxonomy . . . . . . . . . .... 306 19.4.2 W hat are these things?................... .... 307 PART FOUR LIFE ON EARTH AND EUROPA .... . ..... 311 20 The bandwagon ..................................... 313 20.1 Strike-slip in thick ice ............................ 314 20.2 Overburden flexure ............................... 316 20.3 M elt-through bashing ............................. 318 20.4 Convection models. ............. ................ . 320 21 The biosphere ...................................... 323 21.1 D ream s of life .................. ............... 323 21.2 Thin ice on a water world ...................... ... . 324 21.3 Substances above and below ..................... . .. 326 21.4 Life in the crust ............................ .... 327 21.5 Planetary protection............................. . 331 21.5.1 The possibility of contamination ................ 331 21.5.2 Standards and risk ......................... 332 21.5.3 G etting it right ............................ 334 22 The exploration to come ....................... .......... . 337 22.1 Plans for future space missions .................. .... 337 22.2 Look in the ice .................................. 340 22.3 M othballed data ........................ ........ 342 22.4 Weird features: The exceptions that hold the keys .......... 343 22.4.1 The many-legged spider of Manannan. ............ 343 22.4.2 Disruption in the Sickle ................... ... 343 22.4.3 Short, curved double ridges within Astypalaea ....... 346 22.4.4 Isolated tilted rafts ......................... 346 22.4.5 Horsetail of Agenor ........................ 348 22.4.6 M ultiple-cusp cycloids . ...................... 348 22.4.7 Old-style bands ............................ 348 22.5 Self-correcting science ............................ . 352