Quality control of herbal drugs : an approach to evaluate of botanicals /
Pulok K. Mukherjee
1 ALTERNATIVE SYSTEMS OF MEDICINE -- 1.1 Historical Overview of Indian System of Medicine -- 1.2 Ayurveda-The Ancient Traditional Medicine -- 1.3 Siddha System of Medicine -- 1.4 Unani System of Medicine -- 1.5 Homeopathic Remedies -- 1.6 Tibetan System -- 1.7 Natural Products from Modern Medicine -- 1.8 Quality Control in Traditional Systems of Medicine -- 1.9 Limitations of Traditional Experience -- 1.10 Role of Traditional System of Medicine in Primary Health Care -- 1.11 World Situation on Traditional Medicine -- 1.12 Traditional Chinese Herbal Medicine and it's Evaluation -- 1.13 Development of Traditional System of Medicine in India -- 1.14 Prospects of Traditional Medicine -- 1.15 References
2 HERBAL REMEDIES - TOXICITY AND REGULATIONS 2.1 Importance of Herbal Therapies -- 2.2 Herbals versus Conventional Drugs -- 2.3 Efficacy of Herbal Medicinal Products -- 2.4 Validation of Herbal Therapies -- 2.5 Safety in Herbal Drugs -- 2.6 Toxicity in Herbals and Their Interactions -- 2.7 Adverse Reactions and Safety in Herbal Medicine -- 2.8 General Concepts of Evaluation and Quality Control -- 2.9 Pharmacodynamic and Pharmacokinetic Issues -- 2.10 Assessment by Drug Regulators -- 2.11 Herbal Drug Regulations in India -- 2.12 Basic and Applied Research -- 2. 13 Bioassay-Guided Separation and Structural Characterization -- 2.14 References
3 ETHNOBOTANY AND ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 3.1 Ethnobotany in Herbal Drug Evaluation -- 3.2 Impact of Ethnobotany in Traditional Medicine -- 3.3 The Extent of Plant Kingdom in Medicine 3.4 -- Ethnopharmacology in Drug Evaluation -- 3.5 New Developments in Herbals -- 3.6 Biological Diversity - Role in Herbal Drug Development -- 3.7 Drug Discovery from Natural Products -- 3.8 Issues in Medicinal Plant Research -- 3.9 References
PART II - QUALITY CONTROL TECHNIQUES 4 ADULTERATION AND DETERIORATION 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Types of Adulteration or Substitution of Herbal Drugs -- 4.3 Causes and Measures for Adulterations -- 4.4 Deterioration of Herbal Drugs -- 4.5 Control Measures for Deterioration -- 4.6 References
5 FACTORS AFFECTING HERB QUALITY 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Quality Standards of Herbal Products -- 5.3 Factors Relating To Quality of Herbal Drugs -- 5.4 Ecological Factors -- 5.5 Quality Assurance of Herbal Drugs
8. MICROSCOPICAL EVALUATION 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Instruments for Microscopical Study -- 8.3 Evaluation of Crude Drugs by Microscope -- 8.4 Microscopical Methods -- 8.5 Quantitative Analytical Microscopy
9 DEVELOPMENT OF STANDARDIZATION PARAMETERS "m 9.1 General Information -- 9.2 Determination of Solvent Extractive Values -- 9.3 Determination Ash Values -- 9.4 Determination of Total Solids -- 9.5 Determination of Crude Fibre -- 9.6 Determination of Moisture Content -- 9.7 Determination of Essential Oils in. Crude Drugs -- 9.8 Microbial Infestation and its Determination -- 9.9 Determination of Bitterness Value -- 9.10 Determination of Hemolytic Activity -- 9.11 Determination of Swelling Index -- 9.12 Determination of Foaming Index -- 9.13 Determination of Tannins -- 9.14 Determination of Arsenic and Heavy Metals -- 9.15 Pesticides
10 PHYTOCONSTITUENTS AND THEIR ANALYSIS 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Importance of Phytoconstituents in Therapy -- 10.3 Qualitative Analysis of Crude Drug Extracts and Isolates -- 10.4 Alkaloids and Their Analysis -- 10.5 Volatile Oils, Spices and their Analysis -- 10.6 Fixed Oils Fats and Waxes -- 10.7 Phenylpropanoids and their Analysis -- 10.8 Flavonoids -- 10.9 Resins and Resinous Plant Drugs and their Analysis -- 10.10 Tannins and their Analysis -- 10.11 Terpenoids and their Analysis -- 10.12 Glycosidal Components and their Analysis -- 10.13 Fluorescent Substances and their Analytical Parameters -- 10.14 Colouring Matters and their Analysis -- 10.15 Proteinaceous Components and their Analysis -- 10.16 Steroids -- 10.17 Carbohydrates and their Analysis
11 EXTRACTION OF HERBAL DRUGS 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Basic Principles and Rationale -- 11.3 Pre Extraction Operations for Crude Drugs -- 11.4 Effect of Solvent, Solvent Mixtures and Solution on Extraction -- 11.5 Characteristics of Phytoconstituents -- 11.6 Procedures for Extraction of Herbal Drugs -- 11.7 Interfering Compounds In Extraction of Desired Phytoconstituents -- 11.8 Extraction Methods for Specific Phytochemical Groups -- 11.9 Treatment of Drug Residue after Extraction -- 11.10 References
12 THIN LAYER CHROMATOGRAPHY 12.1 Introduction --12.2 Basic Principles of TLC -- 12.3 Mechanisms for the Separation of Phytoconstituents -- 12.4 Adsorbents for Quantitative Thin-Layer Chromatography -- 12.5 Preparation of the Layers -- 12.6 Preparation and Application of Samples -- 12.7 Determination of Suitable Separation Conditions -- 12.8 Development of Chromatogram -- 12.9 Detection of Herbal Drugs and Extracts by TLC -- 12.10 Evaluation of the TLC Plates -- 12.11 TLC Bioautography -- 12.12 Quantitative Thin Layer Chromatography -- 12.13 Assay of Steroids in Phyto-Formulations -- 12.14 Assay of Alkaloids -- 12.15 Analytical Procedures for Some Bioactive Materials -- 12.16 References
13 HIGH PERFORMANCE THIN LAYER CHROMATOGRAPHY 13.1 HPTLC and Its Advantages -- 13.2 Requirements for HPTLC Standardization -- 13.3 Theory and Instrumentation of HPTLC -- 13.4 Theoretical Considerations for Quantitative Analysis -- 13.5 Specual techniques in-situ Quantitative Evaluation -- 13.6 Quantitative HPTLC for Pharmaceutical Applications -- TLC-Densitometry in the Standardization of Medicinal plant Extract
PART III - BIOLOGICAL SCREENING 14 PHARMACOLOGICAL SCREENING OF HERBAL DRUGS 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 Need For Phyto-Pharmacological Evaluation -- 14.3 Hippocratic Screening for Evaluation of Natural Products -- 14.4 New Strategies for Evaluating Natural Products -- 14.5 Evaluation of Antidiabetic Agents -- 14.6 Evaluation of Hepatoprotective Agents -- 14.7 Evaluation of Liver Carcinogenesis -- 14.8 Evaluation of Diuretic Agents -- 14.9 Evaluation of Antidiarrhoeal Agents -- 14.10 Evaluation of Uterine Tonic Agents -- 14.11 Evaluation of Anti Ulcers Agents -- 14.12 Evaluation of Hypolipidemics Agents -- 14.13 Evaluation of Wound Healing Agents -- 14.14 Evaluation of Anti-Tussive Agents -- 14.15 Evaluation of Cardiovascular Agents -- 14.16 Evaluation of Anti-inflammatory Agents -- 14.17 Evaluation of Analgesic/Antinociceptive Agents -- 14.18 Evaluation of Antipyretic Agents -- 14.19 Evaluation of Repellant and Anti-feedant -- 14.20 Evaluation of Antioxidant Agents -- 14.21 Evaluation of Enzyme Activators and Inhibitor Agents -- 14.22 Evaluation of Myorelaxant and Antispasmodic Agents -- 14.23 Evaluation of CNS Agents -- 14.24 Evaluation of Natural Products Active on Brain -- 14.25 Evaluation of Antifertility Agents -- 14.26 Evaluation of Tyrosinase Inhibitory Agents -- 14.27 References
15. ANTIMICROBIAL AND PARASITICIDAL SCREENING OF HERBAL DRUGS 15.1 Introduction -- 15.2 Preparation of Plant Samples for Antimicrobial Screening -- 15.3 General Methods for Antimicrobial Screening -- 15.4 Some Phyto-constituents with Antimicrobial Activity -- 15.5 Antibacterial Screening Method -- 15.6 Assay For Phytopharmaceuticals Having Antifungal Activity -- 15.7 Screening For Anti-micobacterlal Activity -- 15.8 Molluscicidal and Piscicidal Activity Evaluation -- 15.9 Evaluation of Antigiardial Effect -- 15.10 Assay For Antimalarial Activity -- 15.11 Assays For Amoebicidal Activity -- 15.12 References
16 SCREENING FOR ANTIVIRAL ACTIVITY 16.1 Introduction -- 16.2 Phytoconstituents with Antiviral Potentials -- 16.3 General Concepts of Evaluation -- 16.4 Factors Influencing Evaluation -- 16.5 Requirements for Host Cells, Organisms and Culture Media -- 16.6 General Screening Procedures for Antiviral Testing -- 16.7 Evaluation of Cytotoxicity -- 16.8 Antiviral Screening Models -- 16.9 Evaluation of Anti-influenza Activity -- 16.10 Preparation of Different Reagents for Antiviral Study -- 16.11 References
PART IV - LEGAL ASPECTS 17 GOOD AGRICULTURAL AND HARVESTING PRACTICES 17.1 Introduction -- 17.2 Good Harvesting Practices -- 17.3 Good Agricultural Practices -- 17.4 Documentation Required
18 QUALITY ASSURANCE AND STABILITY TESTING OF HERBAL DRUGS 18.1 Indicative Substances for Quality Assurance -- 18.2 GMP and HACCP in Traditional Systems of Medicine -- 18.3 Physical Quality Assurance -- 18.4 Quality Assurance by Cultivation and Breeding -- 18.5 Stabilization and Stability -- 18.6 Methods of Stabilization -- 18.7 Validation of Analytical Procedures -- 18.8 References