TY - BOOK AU - Dravid, Raja Ram TI - The problem of universals in Indian philosophy U1 - 181.4 PY - 2001/// CY - Delhi PB - MBP KW - Indian philosophy - western philosophy - universals N1 - THE EXTREME REALISM OF THE NYAYA-VAISESIKA The definition of the universal {jdti) The universal as distinct from the particular Universal as the determinant of causality Jali and Upddhi Existence as the Highest Universal Existence versus Being and Reality Criticism of the Nyaya view of'existence' by other schools Concluding remarks THE REALISM OF THE MIMAMSA Rumania's Theory of universals The relation between universal and particular Criticism of the Nyaya view The Prabhakara view of universals Criticism of Rumania's view Concluding remarks THE BUDDHIST CRITICISM OF REALISM AND THE REALIST REPLY I. The Buddhist Criticism Universal a thought-construction Refutation of the realist theory of general cognition Difficulties in the realist theory of universals The Buddhist explanation of recognition II. The Realist Reply Universals are real entities General cognitions imply universals Difficulties raised by the Buddhist answered Concluding remarks ARE UNIVERSALS PERCEIVED? I. The Buddhist Position The Realist's view of Perception The Buddhist view of Perception The universal not a percept Determinate cognition not perceptual II. The Realist's Criticism Universal a perceived fact Determinate cognition perceptual Refutation of the Buddhist arguments for momentariness Some more objections answered Defence of substance-attribute relation Concluding remarks THE TAINA THEORY OF UNIVERSALS The nature of the object of knowledge Identity of Existence Arguments for the reality of the universals The two kinds of universals Criticism of the Buddhist and the Nyaya views The Jaina conception of the universal Comparison with the Visistadvaita view Concluding remarks THE ADVAITA VIEW OF UNIVERSALS The universal Existence and the empirical particular Criticism of the realist theory of universals The Advaitic explanation of general cognition Concluding remarks IMPORT OF WORDS The Individualist theory The Configuration theory The Universalist theory The Theory of Composite denotation The Advaitic criticism of the realist theory of meaning The Advaitic theory of import of words THE GRAMMARIAN'S VIEW OF WORD AND MEANING The word as the Ultimate Reality The sentence as universal The word as universal Import of words Bhartrhari'sview The theory of superimposition All words denote universals Justification from the Advaitic stand-point An account of the nature of universals A defence of the existence of universals Concluding remarks THE BUDDHIST NOMINALISM (APOHAVADA)—I 1. TheTheoiyofDigndgaandDharmaktrti Concepts or universals are thought-constructions Words signify mere negations All distinctions are purely conceptual Criticism of the realist theory of meaning I II. Criticism by Kumdrila and Uddyolakara III. Defence of Apohavdda by Sdntaraksifa The meaning of apoha Import of words explained Objections of Kumarila answered IV. Vdcaspali Misra's Criticism of Apohavdda THE BUDDHIST NOMINALISM (APOHAVADA)—II I. Defence of Apohavdda by Jhdnasn and Ratnakirti The import of words The objects of perception and conception distinguished Judgments empirically refer to real external things n. Udayana's Criticism of Apohavdda Negation not a felt element in conceptual cognition The object of conceptual cognition not unreal Volitional activity not explained Concluding remarks UNIVERSALS IN GREEK AND MEDIEVAL THOUGHT The Extreme Realism of Plato The Moderate Realism of Aristotle The Controversy over Universals in the Middle Ages Porphyry's Problem Extreme Realism ( Adversaries of Extreme Realism I Moderate Realism Conceptualism CONTRIBUTION OF MODERN THINKERS 1. Hobbes' Nominalism 2. The Conceptualism of Locke 3. Berkeley's Criticism 4. Hume's Theory of Disposition and Resemblance 5. The Rationalist Protest UNIVERSALS VERSUS RESEMBLANCES IN CONTEMPORARY PHILOSOPHY 1. Russell's Defence of Universals 2. The Theory of Stout 3. Moore's Analysis 4. The Protagonists of Resemblance 5. Concluding remarks ER -