Earthquake thermodynamics and phase transformations in the earth's interior/
edited by Roman Teisseyre, Eugeniusz Majewski.
- New York; Academic Press, 2001.
- xxii, 674 p.
Contributors Preface Introduction
PART I THERMODYNAMICS AND PHASE TRANSFORMATIONS IN THEEARTH'S INTERIOR Chapter 1 The Composition of the Earth miliarn F. McDonough 1.1 Structure of the Earth 1.2 Chemical Constraints 1.3 Early Evolution of the Earth References
Chapter 2 Thermodynamics of Chaos and Fractals Applied: Evolution of the Earth and Phase Transformations Eugeniusz Majewski 2.1 Evolution of the Universe 2.2 Evolution of the Earth 2.3 Evolution Equations and Nonlinear Mappings 2.4 Strange Attractors 2.5 Examples of Maps 2.6 Concept of Temperature in Chaos Theory 2.7 Static and Dynamic States 2.8 Measures of Entropy and Information 2.9 The Lyapounov Exponents 2.10 Entropy Production 2.11 Entropy Budget of the Earth 2.12 The Evolution Criterion 2.13 The Driving Force of Evolution 2.14 Self-Organization Processes in Galaxies 2.15 Fractals 2.16 Thermodynamics of Multifractals 2.17 The Fractal Properties of Elastic Waves 2.18 Random Walk of Dislocations 2.19 Chaos in Phase Transformations 2.20 Conclusions References
Chapter 3 Nonequilibrium Thermodynamics of Nonhydrostatically Stressed Solids Ichiko Shimizu 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Review of Hydrostatic Thermodynamics 3.3 Conservation Equations 3.4 Constitutive Assumptions 3.5 Chemical Potential in Stress Fields 3.6 Driving Force of Diffusion and Phase Transition 3.7 Phase Equilibria under Stress 3.8 Flow Laws of Diffusional Creeps 3.9 Summary References
Chapter 4 Experiments on Soret Diffusion Applied to Core Dynamics Eugeniusz Majewski 4.1 Review of Experiments Simulating the Core-Mantle Interactions 4.2 Experiments on Soret Diffusion 4.3 Thermodynamic Modeling of the Core-Mantle Interactions 4.4 Concluding Discussion References
PART II STRESS EVOLUTION AND THEORY OF CONTINUOUS DISTRIBUTION OF SELF-DEFORMATION NUCLEI
Chapter 5 Deformation Dynamics: Continuum with Self-Deformation Nuclei Roman Teisseyre 5.1 Self-Strain Nuclei and Compatibility Conditions 5.2 Deformation Measures 5.3 Thermal Nuclei 5.4 Thermal Nuclei and Dislocations in 2D 5.5 Defect Densities and Sources of Incompatibility 5.6 Geometrical Objects 5.7 Constitutive Relations 5.8 Constitutive Laws for Bodies with the Electric-Stress Nuclei References
Chapter 6 Evolution, Propagation, and Diffusion of Dislocation Fields Roman Teisseyre 6.1 Dislocation Density Flow 6.2 Dislocation-Stress Relations 6.3 Propagation and Flow Equations for the Dislocation-Related Stress Field 6.4 Splitting the Stress Motion Equation into Seismic Wave and Fault-Related Fields 6.5 Evolution of Dislocation Fields: Problem of Earthquake Prediction References
Chapter 7 Statistical Theory of Dislocations Henryk Zorski, Barbara Gambin, and Wieslaw Larecki 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Dynamics and Statistics of Discrete Defects 7.3 The Field Equations 7.4 Field Equations of Interacting Continua 7.5 Approximate Solutions (Multiscale Method) in the One-Dimensional Case 7.6 Continuous Distributions of Vacancies References PART III EARTHQUAKE THERMODYNAMICS AND FRACTURE PROCESSES
Chapter 8 Thermodynamics of Point Defects P. Varotsos and M. Lazaridou 8.1 Formation of Vacancies 8.2 Formation of Other Point Defects 8.3 Thermodynamics of the Specific Heat 8.4 Self-Diffusion 8.5 Relation of the Defect Parameters with Bulk Properties References
Chapter 9 Thermodynamics of Line Defects and Earthquake Thermodynamics Roman Teisseyre and Eugeniusz Majewski 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Dislocation Supcrlaltice 9.3 Equilibrium Distribution of Vacant Dislocations 9.4 Thermodynamic Functions Related to Superlattice 9.5 Gibbs Free Energy 9.6 The Model 9.7 Earthquake Thermodynamics 9.8 Premonitory and Earthquake Fracture Theory 9.9 Discussion References
Chapter 10 Shear Band Thermodynamic Model of Fracturing Roman Teisseyre 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Jogs and Kinks 10.3 Shear Band Model 10.4 Energy Release and Stresses 10.5 Source Thickness and Seismic Efficiency 10.6 Shear and Tensile Band Model: Mining Shocks and Icequakes 10.7 Results for Earthquakes, Mine Shocks, and Icequakes 10.8 Discussion References
Chapter 11 Energy Budget of Earthquakes and Seismic Efficiency Hiroo Kanamori 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Energy Budget of Earthquakes 11.3 Stress on a Fault Plane 11.4 Seismic Moment and Radiated Energy Contents 11.5 Seismic Efficiency and Radiation Efficiency 11.6 Relation between Efficiency and Rupture Speed 11.7 Efficiency of Shallow Earthquakes 11.8 Deep-Focus Earthquakes References
Chapter 12 Coarse-Grained Models and Simulations for Nucleation. Growth, and Arrest of Earthquakes John B. Rumlle and W. Klein 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Physical Picture 12.3 Two Models for Mainshocks 12.4 Consequences, Predictions, and Observational Tests 12.5 Final Remarks References Chapter 13 Thermodynamics of Fault Slip Eugeniusz Majewski 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Fault Entropy 13.3 Physical Interpretation 13.4 Conclusions References
Chapter 14 Mechanochemistry: AHypothesis for Shallow Earthquakes Didier Somette 14.1 Introduction 14.2 Strain, Stress, and Heat Flow Paradoxes 14.3 Chemistry: Mineral Alteration and Chemical Transformation 14.4 Dynamics: Explosive Release of Chemical Energy 14.5 Dynamics: The Genuine Rupture 14.6 Consequences and Predictions Appendix 1: Explosive Shock Neglecting Electric Effects Appendix 2: Elastic-Electric Coupled Wave Appendix 3: Structural Shock Including Electric Effects References
Chapter 15 The Anticrack Mechanism of High-Pressure Faulting: Summary of Experimental Observations and Geophysical Implication Harry W. Green, II 15.1 Introduction 15.2 New Results 15.3 Discussion References
Chapter 16 Anticrack-Associatcd Faulting and Superplastic Flow in Deep Subduction Zones EugenUtsz Mujewski and Roman Teisseyre 16.1 Introduction 16.2 Antidislocations 16.3 Anticrack Formation 16.4 Anticrack Development and Faulting 16.5 Conclusions References
Chapter 17 Chaos and Stability in the Earthquake Source Eugeniusz Majewski 17.1 Introduction 17 2 Types of Lattice Defects in the Earthquake Source 17.3 Chaos in the Earthquake Source: Observational Evidence 17.4 Modeling the Defect Interactions 17.5 Stability 17.6 Statistical Approach 17.7 Concluding Discussion References
Chapter 18 Micromorphic Continuum and Fractal Properties of Faults and Earthquakes Hiroyuki Nagahama and Roman Teisseyre 18.1 Introduction 18 2 Micromorphic Continuum 18 3 Rotational Effects at the Epicenter Zones 18 4 Equation of Equilibrium in Terms of Displacements Navier Equation and Laplace Equations 18.5 Propagation of Deformation along Elastic Plate Boundaries Overlying a Viscoelastic Foundation: Macroscale Governing Equation 18.6 Navicr Equation, Laplace Field, and Fractal Pattern Formation of Fracturing 18.7 Size Distributions of Fractures in the Lithosphere 18.8 Relationship between Two Fractal Dimensions 18.9 Application of Scaling Laws to Crustal Deformations 18.10 Discussion References
Chapter 19 Physical and Chemical Properties Related to Defect Structure of Oxides and Silicates Doped with Water and Carbon Dioxide Slanislaw Malinowski 19.1 Introduction 19.2 General Properties of Magnesium and Other Metal Oxides 193 Symbols and Classification of Defects in Magnesium Oxide 19.4 Hydrogen and Peroxy Group Formation 19.5 Atomic Carbon in MgO Crystals 19.6 Dissolution of CO2 in MgO 19.7 Dissolution of O2 in MgO 19.8 Mechanism of Water Dissolution in Minerals 19.9 Formation of Peroxy Ions and Positive Holes in Silicates References
PART IV ELECTRIC AND MAGNETIC FIELDS RELATED TO DEFECT DYNAMICS
Chapter 20 Electric Polarization Related to Defects and Transmission of the Related Signals N. Sarlis 20.1 Generation of Electric Signals in Ionic Crystals 20.2 Analytical Calculations for the Transmission of Electric Signals 20.3 Numerical Calculations 20.4 Conclusions References
Chapter 21 Laboratory Investigation of the Electric Signals Preceding the Fracture of Crystalline Insulators C. Marronwunt and V. HadjicontLs 21.1 Introduction 21.2 Experimental Setup 21.3 Results 21.4 Interpretation 21.5 Conclusions References
Chapter 22 Diffusion and Desorption of O Radicals: Anomalies of Electric Field, Electric Conductivity, and Magnetic Susceptibility as Related to Earthquake Processes Roman Teisseyre 22.1 Introduction 22.2 Water Dissolved in the Earth's Mantle 22.3 Emission of O" Radicals 22.4 Hole Electric Current and Conductivity Anomalies 22.5 Earthquake-Related Effects 22.6 Paramagnetic Anomaly 22.7 Diffusion of O and Other Charge Carriers References
Chapter 23 Electric and Electromagnetic Fields Related to Earthquake Formation Roman Teisseyre and Hiroyuki Nagahama 23.1 Introduction 23.2 Charged Dislocations and Thermodynamic Equilibrium of Charges 23.3 Electric Field Caused by Polarization and Motion of Charge Carriers 23.4 Dipole Moments and Electromagnetic Field Radiation 23.5 Simulations of Electric Current Generation and of Electromagnetic Fields 23.6 Discussion References
Chapter 24 Tectono- and Chemicomagnetic Effects in Tectonically Active Regions Norihiro Nakamura and Hiroyuki Nagahama 24.1 Introduction 24.2 Finslerian Continuum Mechanics for Magnetic Material Bodies 24.3 Reversible Modeling for Piezomagnetization 24.4 ATectonomagnetic Model for Fault Creep 24.5 Chemical Reactions and Magnetic Properties of Rocks by Irreversible Thermodynamics 24.6 Geomagnetic Field Anomaly by the Induced Magnetization Changes 24.7 Implications for Tectono- and Chemicomagnetic Effects in Tectonically Active Regions References
PART V THERMODYNAMICS OF MULTICOMPONENT CONTINUA
Chapter 25 Thermodynamics of Multicomponent Continua Krzysztof Mlmanski 25.1 Multicomponent Models in Geophysics 25.2 Thermodynamical Foundations of Fluid Mbttures 25.3 Some Models of Porous Materials 25.4 On Constraints in Models of Porous Materials 25.5 Wave Propagation in Porous Materials 25.6 Concluding Remarks References Index Previous Volumes in Series