TY  - BOOK
AU  - Vivchow, D.
TI  - Conservation of genetic resources: costs and implications for a sustainable utilization of plant genetic resources for food and agriculture
SN  - 9783540653431
U1  - 639.9 
PY  - 1999///
CY  - Berlin
PB  - Springer
KW  - Germplasm resources, Plant
KW  - Germplasm resources conservation
KW  - Nature conservation
KW  - Agriculture
KW  - Biotechnology
KW  - Ecology
KW  - Environmental economics
KW  - Forests and forestry
N1  - 1 Introduction.- 
1.1 Problems.- 
1.2 Definitions of Genetic Resources.- 
1.3 Research Questions and Approach.- 
1.3.1 Research Questions.- 
1.3.2 Approach and Data Sources.- 
1.4 Study Overview.- 
2 Genetic Resources: Status, Development, Losses, and Conservation Management.- 
2.1 State and Development of the World's Genetic Diversity Centers.- 
2.1.1 Centers for Plant Genetic Diversity.- 
2.1.2 Centers of Agrobiodiversity.- 
2.1.3 The Interdependence of Countries on PGRFA.- 
2.2 Extent and Determinants of Genetic Extinction.- 
2.2.1 Review and Critical Analysis of the Methodologies of Recording of Losses.- 
2.2.2 Determinants for the Loss of PGRFA.- 
2.3 Similarities and Differences Between Biodiversity and Agrobiodiversity.- 
2.4 Methods for Conservation of PGRFA.- 
2.4.1 Ex Situ Conservation Management.- 
2.4.2 In Situ Conservation.- 
2.4.3 Combination of ex Situ and in Situ Methods.- 
3 Economic Framework of Conservation.- 
3.1 Conceptual Overview.- 
3.2 Economic Valuation of Environmental Goods at a National Level.- 
3.2.1 General Concept of Assessing Environmental Goods.- 
3.2.2 Method for Economic Valuation of PGRFA Conservation.- 
3.3 Analysis of the Beneficiaries of PGRFA Conservation.- 
3.4 Incentives for the Conservation of PGRFA.- 
3.4.1 Theory of the Conservation of PGRFA.- 
3.4.2 Economic Mechanisms of Incentives for the Conservation of PGRFA.- 
4 Institutional Frameworks for the Exchange and Utilization of PGRFA.- 
4.1 Institutional Aspects of Exchange of PGRFA.- 
4.2 Actors in the Conservation and Exchange Activities of Plant Genetic Resources.- 
4.3 Protection of Intellectual Property Rights as Enforcement of the Exchange of PGRFA.- 
4.3.1 International Agreements and the Ownership of Genetic Resources.- 
4.3.2 International Agreements and Their Coherence.- 
4.4 Different Systems for the Transaction of Genetic Resources.- 
4.4.1 Multilateral System of PGRFA Exchange.- 
4.4.2 Bilateral System of PGRFA Exchange.- 
4.4.3 Market System of PGRFA Exchange.- 
4.4.4 Determinants for the Development of Different Exchange Systems and Their Funding.- 
5 Conservation Costs of PGRFA.- 
5.1 Analysis of the Costs for PGRFA Conservation According to Different Categories.- 
5.1.1 Costs of ex Situ Conservation.- 5.1.2 Costs of in Situ Conservation.- 
5.1.3 Transaction Costs of PGRFA Conservation.- 
5.2 Expenditures of PGRFA Conservation at Country Level.- 
5.3 Analysis of the International Expenditures in 1995.- 
5.4 Effectiveness of PGRFA Conservation for Analyzed Countries.- 
6 Two Examples of PGRFA Conservation Systems: India and Germany.- 
6.1 Indian Case Study.- 
6.1.1 Indian National Plant Genetic Resources System.- 
6.1.2 National Policy on Plant Variety Recognition in India.- 
6.1.3 Production and Distribution of Quality Seed.- 
6.2 German Case Study.- 
6.2.1 German System of PGRFA Conservation.- 
6.2.2 Breeding.- 
6.3 Summary of the Indian and German Case Studies.- 
7 Conclusions for PGRFA Conservation Policy and Further Research Issues.- 
7.1 The Conservation and Service Center as a Focal Point for PGRFA Conservation Management.- 
7.2 Incentives of Moderation.- 
7.3 Compensation or Internalization?.- 
7.4 Increasing Effectiveness Through a Market System, Technology Development and Cooperation.- 
8 Summary.- 
9 Zusammenfassung.- 
10 Appendices.- 
11 References
ER  -