TY - BOOK AU - Rai,Mahendra TI - Handbook of microbial biofertilizers SN - 9781560222699 U1 - 576.0202 PY - 2006/// CY - Lucknow PB - International Book Distributing KW - Biofertilizers N1 - Includes bibliographical references and index; CONTENTS xv Chapter 2. Evaluation of the Functional Group of Microorganisms As Bioindicators on the Rhizosphere Microcosm Ulisses Brigatto Albino Galdino Andrade Introduction The Functional Groups Methods to Assess the Soil Functional Microorganism Groups Protocols Future Perspectives Conclusions Chapter 3. Tripartite Relationship of Rhizobium, AMF, and Host in Growth Promotion Nanjian Raman Thangaswamy Selvaraj Introduction Rhizobium and AMF Interactions Rhizobium and AMF Interactions Rhizobium, AMF, and Biochemical Activities Enzyme Activities Growth Hormones Calcium and Phosphorus Requirements Heavy Metals Plant Uptake of Metals Plant-Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria Coexistence of Rhizobium and AM Symbioses Conclusions and Future Perspectives Chapter 4. Biological Fertilizers for Sustainable Rice Production S. Kannaiyan K. Kumar Introduction Azolla Biofertilizer for Rice Crop Nitrogen-Fixing Blue Green Algae Acid-Tolerant Cyanobacteria N2 Fixing Stem Nodulating Sesbania Biofertilizer for Rice 29 Sesbania As Biofertilizer for Rice Neem Cake and N Use Efficiency Urea Super Granules and N Use Efficiency Soil Enzymes Activity Induction of Nodule-Like Structures in Rice Roots for N 99 100 101 101 102 2 Fixation Azospirillum Biofertilizer for Rice Phosphobacterial Biofertilizer Future Perspectives Conclusions Chapter 5. Mycorrhiza Helper Bacteria: Their Ecological 119 Impact in the Mycorrhizal Symbiosis Robin Duponnois 119 Introduction The Mycorrhizosphere Effect Evidence Biological Properties Mechanisms Involved in the MHB Effect Application Conclusions and Perspectives Chapter 6. Plant Growth-Promoting-Rhizpbacteria 141 As Biofertilizers and Biopesticides Manas Ranjan Banerjee Laila Yesmin Joseph Kevin Vessey 141 Introduction Biofertilizers Endophytic and Rhizospheric Relationships Between PGPRs and Their Hosts Mode of Action of PGPRs As Biofertilizers Biopesticides Mode of Action of PGPRs As Biopesticides Viability and Shelf Life of PGPRs Benefits of PGPRs Limitations of PGPRs Future Perspectives Conclusions 144 Chapter 7. Sustainable Agriculture and the Rhizobia/Legumes Symbiosis 191 João Ruy Jardim Freire Enilson Luiz Saccol de S . 191 Introduction Diversity of Rhizobia The Selection of Rhizobia Strains Desirable Characteristics Production and Quality of the Inoculants Techniques of Inoculation Soil Limiting Factors Some Management Practices Future Perspectives Conclusions Chapter 8. Wild-Legume Rhizobia: Biodiversity 211 and Potential As Biofertilizer Hamdi Hussein Zahran 211 Introduction Taxonomy and Biodiversity of Wild-Legume Rhizobia Symbiotic Nitrogen-Fixing Systems Established with Wild Rhizobia Behavior of Wild-Legume Rhizobia Under Extreme 214 Conditions Future perspectives Conclusions 217 Chapter 9. Potential of Arbuscular Mycorrhizae 231 in Organic Farming System Tanu Anil Prakash Alok Adholeya 231 Introduction 232 Mycorrhiza in Organic Farming 234 Factors Affecting Mycorrhizal Inoculum Potential 238 Selection of AM Fungi Integration of AM Fungi and Composts for Disease Control 238 Organic Manure and AMF Inoculum Production Application of AM Fungi 239 Future Perspectives Conclusions Chapter 10. Role of Mycorrhizae in Forestry 251 Hanna Dahm 251 Introduction 251 Ecological Significance of Mycorrhizae 253 Types of Mycorrhizae on Forest Trees Occurence of Mycorrrhizal Fungi in Soils of Native Forests 256 Soil Type and Humus Properties Ecological Specificity Competition Among Ectomycorrhizal Fungi in Forest Soil 258 Favorable Effects of Mycorrhizae on Plant Growth Factors Affecting Ectomycorrhizal Reduction Receptiveness of Forest Soils to Ectomycorrhizal 257 Association Practical Aspects of Mycorrhizae--Perspectives 268 272 Conclusions Chapter 11. Physiological and Molecular Aspects of Osmotic Stress Alleviation in Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Plants 283 Juan Manuel Ruiz-Lozano 283 Introduction Uptake and Transfer of Water Through the Fungal Hyphae to the Host Plant Amelioration of Plant Gas Exchange Changes in the Water Retention Properties of the Soil Stimulation of Assimilative Activities Essential 286 for Plant Growth Osmotic Adjustment Protection Against the Oxidative Damage Generated 288 by Drought Future Perspectives and Conclusions 290 291 Chapter 12. Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Inoculation 303 in Nursery Practice Miguel Marin 303 Introduction 304 306 Types of Mycorrhizae Mycorrhiza Effects on Plant Physiology Interaction of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi with Soil Microbiota Mycorrhizae As Substitute for Fertilizers Mycorrhizal Symbiosis in Horticultural Systems Endomycorrhizal Technology in Different Propagation 309 310 312 Systems Management of Arbuscular Mycorrhiza in Nursery 314 Plant Production Future Perspectives Conclusions 316 323 324 Chapter 13. Interaction Between Arbuscular Mycorrhizal 339 Fungi and Root Pathogens Leonor Costa Maia Norma Suely Sobral da Silveira Uided Maaze Tiburcio Cavalcante 339 Introduction Root Colonization Changes Produced by Mycorrhization Interaction: Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi and Plant Pathogenic Fungi 341 344 Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi Bacteria Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi Nematodes Future Perspectives Conclusions Chapter 14. Production of Seedlings Inoculated with Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi and Their Performance after Outplanting 367 Orivaldo José Saggin-Júnior Eliane Maria Ribeiro da Silva 367 Introduction Prerequisites for the Inoculation of Seedlings with AMF Production of Inoculants for Seedlings Production of Seedlings Inoculated with AMF Future Perspectives of Mycorrhizal Seedling Production Conclusions Chapter 15. Status of Endomycorrhizal (AMF) Biofertilizer in the Global Market Polachi Raja Introduction World Fertilizer Consumption Alternative Farming Systems Sustainable Agriculture Systems Effective Microorganisms Evolution of AMFs Techniques of AMF Inoculum Propagation Biodiversity and Agricultural Potential AMF Benefits of Symbiosis Impact of AMF in Agriculture Availability and Cost of Mycorrhizal Inoculum Producers and Formulators of AMF Inoculum Future Perspectives Conclusions Chapter 16. Role of Cyanobacteria As Biofertilizers: Potentials and Limitations Pilar Irisarri Introduction Current Status of Cyanobacterial Use As Biofertilizers Availability of Fixed Nitrogen to Rice Plants Cultivation of Cyanobacteria for Biofertilizer Inoculation and Crop Yield Reasons for the Failure of Inoculation Benefits of Cyanobacteria Beyond Nitrogen Input to the Agroecosystem Is Inoculation with Cyanobacteria Worthwhile? Integrated Soil Fertility Management Future Perspectives Conclusions 411 Chapter 17. Cyanobacterial Biofertilizers for Rice: 453 Present Status and Future Prospects S. P. Adhikary B. Pattanaik 453 Introduction Cyanobacteria (Blue-Green Algae) Distribution of Cyanobacteria in Rice Fields and Factors Governing Their Distribution and Seasonal Occurrence with Respect to Crop Growth Cycle Seasonal Variation of Cyanobacterial Growth 459 in Paddy Fields Phosphorus Cyanobacteria Biofertilizer for Increased Crop Yield 460 and Maintenance of Soil Quality 464 465 Algalization Technology Future Perspectives Conclusions Chapter 18. A Comparative Study on Nitrogen-Fixing Cyanobacteria in South American and European Rice Fields 479 Carlos Hugo Prosperi 479 Introduction Measuring Nitrogen Fixation in the Field Determination of Nitrogenase Activity in Vivo Samples Collection and Identification The Diversity of Cyanobacteria Appendix: Identification Key for Most Common Cyanobacteria in Rice Fields of Argentina and Spain 487 Chapter 19. Piriformospora indica As a New and Emerging Mycofertilizer and Biotizer: Potentials and Prospects in Sustainable Agriculture Mahendra Rai 499 Sarika Shende Kanchan Bhagwat Prasad Wadegaonkar Ajit Varma 499 500 Introduction The Morphology and Cultural Characteristics 500 Mycelial Penetration in Host 501 Ultrastructure of Hyphal Wall 501 Molecular Systemetics 502 Root Colonization Potential in Diverse Hosts In Vitro Rapid Proliferation of Roots of Withania somnifera 502 Rhizoctonia-Like Growth Promotion of Orchids Enhancement of Secondary Metabolites Mechanisms Involved During colonization Mycorrhiza-Like Endophytes Protoplast Fusion for Better Understanding of Interaction Strategies for Mass Production of Inocula Immobilization of Spores and Hyphae: A Step Forward for Inoculum Production Application in Horticulture Potential for Control of Phytopathogenic Rootborne Microbes Conclusions and Future Directions Chapter 20. Matsutake: A Natural Biofertilizer? Wang Yun Ian Robert Hall Introduction Matsutake in the Commercial World Taxonomic History of Matsutake Ecology Morphology of Matsutake Infections Cultivation of Tricholoma matsutake Relationship Between Matsutake and Its Host Plants Future Challenges Conclusions ER -