History of metals in eastern India and Bangladesh / Pranab K.Chattopadhyay and Gautam Sengupta
Material type:
TextPublication details: New Delhi: Pentagon Press, 2011Description: 193pISBN: 978-81-8274-512-4DDC classification: 954 | Item type | Current library | Collection | Call number | Status | Date due | Barcode | Item holds |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Reference Books
|
Central Library, Sikkim University Reference | Reference Collection | 954 CHA/H (Browse shelf(Opens below)) | Not for loan | P21725 |
CONTENTS
Foreword to the Series xiii
Note on Infinity Foundation xix
Editor's Note xxt
Preface xxix
Achioivled^ements xxxi
List of Tables xxxiii
List of Figures .vxvt
List ofAbbreviations Used in the Text xli
1. INTRODUCTION 1
ORIGIN OFMETTALURGY 2
Copper 2
Iron
Other Metals
THE SCHEME OF THE BOOK
2. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL
CULTURES IN EASTERN INDIA AND BANGLADESH
THE MEGALITHIC CULTURE
BLACK-AND-RED-WARE CULTURE ^
NORTHERN BLACK POLISHED WARE CULTURF IN Tru ^
PART OF EASTERN INDIA ASTERN
NORTHEAST INDIA ^
EARLY HISTORIC CULTURE IN EASTERN INDi^
8
9
10
viii ❖ HISTORY OF METALS IN EASTERN INDIA AND BANGLADESH
SOURCE OF METAL OBJECTS 11
The Trade ofMetal Objects 15
3. COPPER 18
SOURCES OF COPPER 19
THE PROCESS OF COPPER EXTRACTION 22
COPPER MANUFACTURING IN SIKKIM 22
ARCHEOLOGICAL EVIDENCE OF COPPER 24
The period from 2000 to 1300BCE 24
The period from 1300 to 600 BCE 26
MANUFACTURING TECHNIQUEOF CHALCOLITHIC COPPER
OBJECTS 29
The period from 600 BCE to CE 300 33
Coins 36
Copper SmeltingActivities in the Early Historic Period 36
Ornaments ofthe EarlyHistoric Period 39
Domestic Objects ofthe Early Historic Pa-iod 40
The Period between CE 300 and 200 41
Copperplates 42
ORIGIN OF THE COPPER HOARDS 45
Major Copper Hoard Sites 46
The Use and Function ofthe Copper Hoard Artefacts 49
The Archaeometallurgy ofCopper Hoard Objects 50
4. IRON 55
SOURCES OFIRON 56
IRON EXTRACTION 58
PRE-INDUSTRIAL IRON MAKING 58
Arunachal Pradesh 58
Assam gp
Bangladesh
Meghalaya
Manipur
Mizoram ^j
Nagaland
CONTENTS -«• ix
Traditional Iron Making in the Western Part ofEastern India 63
Iron smeltingby theAgarias 64
Iron Making by theKols 66
Iron Making: Carburisation 70
Iron in the Archaeological Context: 1300 bee to 600 bee 72
Iron in the Archaeological Context: 600 bee to ce 300 74
Excavated Smithy 78
Iron in the Archaeological Context: CE 300 to 1200 81
Use ofIron in Structural Compoftents 81
WAS THERE CAST IRON IN EASTERN INDIA? 83
HIGH CARBON STEELS OF EASTERN INDIA 85
ARCHAEOMETALLURGY OF IRON OBJECTS OF EASTERN INDL\ 85
ADVANCEMENT IN THE USE OF MICRO-ALLOY IN STEEL-MAKING 89
CANNONS OF EASTERN INDIA 89
Classification of Cannons 90
Cannons ofAssam 91
Cannons ofBangladesh 93
Cannons ofMeghalaya 94
Cannons ofOrissa 95
Cannons ofTripura 95
Cannons of West Bengal 95
Archaeometallurgy ofIron Cannons 97
ARMS OF EASTERN INDIA 98
THE WOOTZ 99
5. GOLD 100
SOURCES OF GOLD 100
SEPARATION OF GOLD BY THE TRADITIONAL METHOD 101
PURIFICATION OF GOLD ^03
EVIDENCE IN THE HISTORICAL RECORDS
GOLD OBJECTS FOUND ESf EXCAVATIONS
GOLDPLATING 106
GOLD COINS 106
Pre-Gupta Gold Coins from Bangladesh jq7
Gold Coins ofthe Gupta Period 107
X ❖ HISTORY OF METALS IN EASTERN INDIAANDBANGLADESH
Technology' of the Gupta Gold Coins 108
Post-Gupta Gold Coins j08
Gold coinsofSamatata 1Qg
GoldcoinsofAssam \ gg
GoldCoinsof theBengal StUtans \09
6. SILVER
THE SOURCEOF SILVER 110
Evidence in the Historical Records \ ] i
Separation of Silver from Lead bythe Traditional Method 112
Identification of the Source of Silver \\2
Silver Objects found from Excavations 112
Sources of Silver for Coins and other Objects 114
External sourccs of Silver 114
Trade Routes for Silver 115
SILVER COINS 115
Punch-marked coins 115
Manufactut"in£ ofpunch-marked coins 11 g
Analysis ofthe punch-marked coins ofOrissa \ \g
Analyses ofthe punch-marked coins ofBengal \ j9
Analysis ofsilver coins ofthe Gupta pei-iod 119
Platingon Punch-mar-ked coins 120
Harikela Coins 220
SILVER COINS OF THE MEDIEVAL PERIOD 121
Silver coins ofAssam 121
Coins ofTripura 122
Coin-making during the Medieval period 122
Use ofSilver in making Images 122
Use ofSilver in the pre-modern period 122
Pre-modern use of silver in Arunachal Pradesh 123
Filigree silvercraft 124
7. MINOR METALS ^25
SOURCES OF LEAD j25
LEAD OBJECTS FOUND IN EXC:AVATI0NS 126
CONTENTS ❖ xi
APPLICATION OFLEAD 127
Leadcoins j27
SOURCE OF TIN 127
Tin mines of Eastern India 128
Exti'action ofTin 129
SOURCE OF ZINC 129
Use of Zinc alloy 129
Bidn-ware 130
8. ALLOYS OF COPPER 131
LITERARY EVIDENCE OF COPPER ALLOYING 131
Bronze and its varieties 132
The use ofsome interesting bronze objects 134
Examplesfi-om the Eastern pan ofthe Subcontinent 134
Jhnrkhnnd 134
Assam 134
Bangladesh 134
Manipur 135
WestBen/ial 136
Onssn 136
Metallurgy ofhi^h tin-bronze \ 35
Studies on Thermo-mechanical Treatments \ 37
Gunmetal 139
Brass 140
Brass chariot 142
Manufacturing the Copper Alloys I43
Image-making 143
The Centres ofMetal Casting I43
The Important Metal Castings I44
Religious objects 244
Some Important Images I^
Alloying Composition ot Images l^g
Manufacturing Techniques ofBronze Images j
Manufacturing Techniques of Pal-Sen Images
Iconographic or St\'listic Study 2gj
The Dhokra Process I55
Xii ❖ history OF METALS IN EASTERN INDIAANDBANGLADESH
Decorative Metalwareof pre-Modern Period 156
Cannons made ofCopper Alloys 157
Bronze Coins 161
Composite Objects 161
9. CONCLUSION 163
Relevant studies that need to be taken up in future 166
There are no comments on this title.