Modern information retrieval/ Ricardo Baeza-Yates, Berthier Ribeiro-Neto.

1 Introduction
1.1 Motivation
1.1.1 Information versus Data Retrieval.
1.1.2 Information Retrieval at the Center of the Stage
1.1.3 Focus of the Book
1.2 Basic Concepts
1.2.1 The User Task . .
1.2.2 Logical View of the Documents
1.3 Past, Present, and Future
1.3.1 Early Developments
1.3.2 Information Retrieval in the Library
1.3.3 The Web and Digital Libraries . .. .
1.3.4 Practical Issues . , .
1.4 The Retrieval Process . . .
1.5 Organization of the Book .
1.5.1 Book Topics . .
1.5.2 Book Chapters
1.6 How to Use this Book .
1.6.1 Teaching Suggestions
1.6.2 The Book's Web Page
1.7 Bibliographic Discussion . .
2 Modeling
2.1 Introduction . .
2.2 A Taxonomy of Information Retrieval Models
2.3 Retrieval: Ad hoc and'Filtering
2.4 A Formal Characterization of IR Models
2.5 Classic Information Retrieval
2.5.1 Basic Concepts . . .
2.5.2 Boolean Model . . .
2.5.3 Vector Model . . . .
2.5.4 Probabilistic Model .
2.5.5 Brief Comparison of Classic Models .
2.6 Alternative Set Theoretic Models .
2.6.1 Fuzzy Set Model
2.6.2 Extended Boolean Model .
2.7 Alternative Algebraic Models . .
2.7.1 Generalized Vector Space Model
2.7.2 Latent Semantic Indexing Model
2.7.3 Neural Network Model
2.8 Alternative Probabilistic Models
2.8.1 Bayesian Networks . . .
2.8.2 Inference Network Model
2.8.3 Belief Network Model . .
2.8.4 Comparison of Bayesian Network Models .
2.8.5 Computational Costs of Bayesian Networks
2.8.6 The Impact of Bayesian Network Models
2.9 Structured Text Retrieval Models
2.9.1 Model Based on Non-Overlapping Lists .
2.9.2 Model Based on Proximal Nodes
2.10 Models for Browsing
2.10.1 Flat Browsing
2.10.2 Structure Guided Browsing
2.10.3 The Hypertext Model.
2.11 Trends and Research Issues . .
2.12 Bibliographic Discussion . . .
3 Retrieval Evaluation
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Retrieval Performance Evaluation
3.2.1 Recall and Precision . . .
3.2.2 Alternative Measures . . .
3.3 Reference Collections
3.3.1 The TREC Collection . .
3.3.2 The CACM and ISI Collections
3.3.3 The Cystic Fibrosis Collection .
3.4 Trends and Research Issues
3.5 Bibliographic Discussion
4 Query Languages
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Keyword-Based Querying
4.2.1 Single-Word Queries
4.2.2 Context Queries . . .
4.2.3 Boolean Queries . . .
4.2.4 Natural Language . .
4.3 Pattern Matching
4.4 Structural Queries
4.4.1 Fixed Structure . . .
4.4.2 Hypertext
4.4.3 Hierarchical Structure
4.5 Query Protocols
4.6 Trends and Research Issues .
4.7 Bibliographic Discussion . .
5 Query Operations
5.1 Introduction
5.2 User Relevance Feedback
5.2.1 Query Expansion and Term Reweighting for the Vector
Model
5.2.2 Term Reweighting for the Probabilistic Model
5.2.3 A Variant of Probabilistic Term Reweighting .
5.2.4 Evaluation of Relevance Feedback Strategies .
5.3 Automatic Local Analysis
5.3.1 Query Expansion Through Local Clustering .
5.3.2 Query Expansion Through Local Context Analysis
5.4 Automatic Global Analysis
5.4.1 Query Expansion based on a Similarity Thesaurus
5.4.2 Query Expansion based on a Statistical Thesaurus
5.5 Trends and Research Issues .
5.6 Bibliographic Discussion . .
6 Text and Multimedia Languages and Properties
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Metadata . .
6.3 Text . . . .
6.3.1 Formats
6.3.2 Information Theory
6.3.3 Modeling Natural Language .
6.3.4 Similarity Models
6.4 Markup Languages . . .
6.4.1 SGML
6.4.2 HTML
6.4.3 XML .
6.5 Multimedia. .
6.5.1 Formats
6.5.2 Textual Images
6.5.3 Graphics and Virtual Reality
10.6.2 Query Term Hits Within Document Content . .
10.6.3 Query Term Hits Between Documents
10.6.4 SuperBook: Context via Table of Contents . . .
10.6.5 Categories for Results Set Context
10.6.6 Using Hyperlinks to Organize Retrieval Results
10.6.7 Tables
10.7 Using Relevance Judgements
10.7.1 Interfaces for Standard Relevance Feedback
10.7.2 Studies of User Interaction with Relevance Feedback
Systems
10.7.3 Fetching Relevant Information in the Background . .
10.7.4 Group Relevance Judgements . .
10.7.5 Pseudo-Relevance Feedback . . .
10.8 Interface Support for the Search Process
10.8.1 Interfaces for String Matching . .
10.8.2 Window Management
10.8.3 Example Systems
10.8.4 Examples of Poor Use of Overlapping Windows
10.8.5 Retaining Search History
10.8.6 Integrating Scanning, Selection, and Querying .
10.9 IVends and Research Issues
10.10 Bibliographic Discussion
11 Multimedia IR: Models and Languages
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Data Modeling
11.2.1 Multimedia Data Support in Commercial DBMSs .
11.2.2 The MULTOS Data Model
11.3 Query Languages
11.3 1 Request Specification
11.3.2 Conditions on Multimedia Data .
11.3.3 Uncertainty, Proximity, and Weights in Query
Expressions
11.3.4 Some Proposals
11.4 Trends and Research Issues
11.5 Bibiographic Discussion
12 Multimedia IR: Indexing and Searching
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Bjickground — Spatial Access Methods
12.3 A Generic Multimedia Indexing Approach . . .
12.4 One-dimensional Time Series
12.4.1 Distance Function
12.4.2 Feature Extraction and Lower-bounding
12.4.3 Experiments
12.5 Two-dimensional Color Images
12.5.1 Image Features and Distance Functions
12.5.2 Lower-bounding
12.5.3 Experiments
12.6 Automatic Feature Extraction .
12.7 Trends and Research Issues . . .
12.8 Bibliographic Discussion .
13 Searching the Web
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Challenges
13.3 Characterizing the Web . .
13.3.1 Measuring the Web
13.3.2 Modeling the Web
13.4 Search Engines
13.4.1 Centralized Architecture
13.4.2 Distributed Architecture
13.4.3 User Interfaces
13.4.4 Ranking
13.4.5 Crawling the Web . .
13.4.6 Indices
13.5 Browsing
13.5.1 Web Directories
13.5.2 Combining Searching with Browsing .
13.5.3 Helpful Tools
13.6 Metasearchers
13.7 Finding the Needle in the Haystack .
13.7.1 User Problems . . . .
13.7.2 Some Examples . . .
13.7.3 Teaching the User . .
13.8 Searching using Hyperlinks .
13.8.1 Web Query Languages
13.8.2 Dynamic Search and Software Agents .
13.9 Trends and Research Issues
13.10 Bibliographic Discussion
14 Libraries and Bibliographical Systems
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Online IR Systems and Document Databases .
14.2.1 Databases
14.2.2 Online Retrieval Systems
14.2.3 IR in Online Retrieval Systems .
14.2.4 'Natural Language' Searching . .
14.3 Online Public Access Catalogs (OPACs)
14.3.1 OPACs and Their Content . .. .
14.3.2 OPACs and End Users
14.3.3 OPACs: Vendors and Products .
14.3.4 Alternatives to Vendor OPACs
14.4 Libraries and Digital Library Projects .
14.5 Trends and Research Issues .
14.6 Bibliographic Discussion . .
15 Digital Libraries
15.1 Introduction . . . .
15.2 Definitions
15.3 Architectural Issues
15.4 Document Models, Representations, and Access
15.4.1 Multilingual Documents
15.4.2 Multimedia Documents .
15.4.3 Structured Documents .
15.4.4 Distributed Collections .
15.4.5 Federated Search . ...
15.4.6 Access
15.5 Prototypes, Projects, and Interfaces
15.5.1 International Range of Efforts
15.5.2 Usability .
15.6 Standards . . . .
15.6.1 Protocols and Federation
15.6.2 Metadata
15.7 Trends and Research Issues .
15.8 Bibliographical Discussion .