Analysis & design of inforamtion systems/ James A. Senn

Introduction to Information Systems Development -- Systems Analyst: A Profession Worth -- Pursuing? -- In Perspective -- Worldng Smarter -- Global -- Blurring of Industries -- Ideas and Information -- Users: Information Workers -- The Burden of Responsibility -- What Is Systems Analysis and Design? -- Overview of Systems Analysis and Design -- What Systems Analysis Is NOT -- Systems Analysts' Work -- Responsibility for Computer -- Programming -- Changes in Systems Analysts' -- Responsibilities -- Who Are the Users? -- Benchmark -- Successful Information Systems: A Joint Effort -- Business Systems Concepts -- What Is a System? -- Important Systems Characteristics -- Business Systems --Business Information Systems -- Categories of Information Systems -- Transaction Processing Systems -- Management Information Systems -- Decision Support Systems -- Scope of Information Systems -- Managing the Application Development Portfolio -- The Good Old Days of Information Systems -- How Systems Projects Are Begun -- Reasons for Project Proposals -- Benchmark -- Corporate Mission and the Role of Information Systems -- Benchmark -- The Interdependence of Systems and Subsystems -- Systems Development Strategies -- Classical Systems Development Life Cycle -- Determination of System -- Requirements -- Design of System Development of Software -- Systems Testing -- Implementation and Evaluation -- Structured Analysis Development Method -- Systems Prototype Method -- Reasons for Systems Prototyping -- Methods for Prototype Development -- Benchmark Which Development Method Is -- the Right One? -- Tools for Systems Development -- Analysis Tools --Design Tools -- Development Tools -- Summary -- Review Questions -- Application Problems -- References -- Information Systems Planning -- Methodologies -- Sources of Project Requests -- Managing Project Review and Selection -- Steering Committee Method -- Information Systems Committee Method -- User-Group Committee Method -- Other Methods Benchmark -- Steering the Course in Information -- Systems Development -- Managing the Portfolio Direction -- Integrating the Application Portfolio -- The Project Request -- Preliminary Investigation -- Scope of Study -- Conducting the Investigation -- Testing Project Feasibility -- Handling Infeasible Projects -- Requirements Analysis and Determination -- Tools for Determining Systems Requirements -- The Receiving-Room Fiasco What Is Requirements Determination? -- Activities in Requirements Determination Basic Requirements User Transaction Requirements -- User Decision Requirements Organization-Wide Requirements -- Benchmark -- When the Exception Is the Rule -- Fact-Finding Techniques -- Interview -- Questionnaire -- Record Review -- Observation -- Structured Analysis Development Strategy -- Static or Not: That's the Question -- Structured Analysis -- What Is Structured Analysis? -- What Is Data Flow Analysis? -- Features of Data Flow Strategy -- Tools of Data Flow Strategy -- Benchmark -- Preliminary Investigation of User Developed -- Applications -- Selecting the Project Development Strategy -- Institutional Versus End-User -- Applications -- End-User Development Approach -- Development Strategies for Institutional Applications -- Summary -- Review Questions -- Application Problems --References -- Case Study Phase I -- Sevco Industries; A Profile Benchmark -- Fact Finding: A Challenge and an Opportunity -- Tools for Dociunenting Procedures -- and Decisions -- Decision Concepts -- Decision Trees -- Decision Tables -- Types of Table Entries -- Benchmark -- Making Good Use of Analysis Tools -- Structured English -- Summary -- Review Questions -- Application Problems -- References -- Benchmark -- Data Flow Tools: Beyond Analysis -- Notation -- Parallel Activities -- Advantages of Data Flow Analysis -- Developing Data Flow Diagrams -- Development Process -- Benchmark -- Using Physical and Logical Data Flow -- Diagrams -- General Rules for Drawing Logical -- Flow Data Diagrams -- Explode Processes for More Detail -- Maintain Consistency Between -- Processes -- Follow Meaningful Leveling -- Conventions -- Add Control on Lower-Level -- Diagrams Only -- Evaluate Data Flow Diagram for Correctness -- Features of a Data Dictionary -- What Is a Data Dictionary? -- 5. Application Prototope Development Strategy -- Test Drive -- Purpose of Application Prototyping -- Uses of Application Prototyping -- Rationale for Application -- Prototyping Candidate Applications -- Steps in Prototype Method -- Identify Known Requirements -- Develop Working Model User Prototype -- Review Prototype -- Repeat as Needed -- Use of Prototypes -- Abandon Application -- Implement Prototype -- Redevelop Application -- Begin New Prototype -- Benchmark -- Starting Point; Understand User -- Requirements -- Tools for Prototyping -- Fourth-Generation Languages -- Report Generators -- Application Generators -- Screen Generators -- Data Dictionary Systems -- Why Is a Data Dictionary --Important? -- What Does a Data Dictionary -- Record? -- Describing Data Elements Describing Data Structures -- Notation in the Data Dictionary -- Recording Data Descriptions -- Defining Data Flows and Stores Defining Data Structures -- Describing Processes Using the Data Dictionary Details Benchmark -- The Data Dictionary -- Summary -- Review Questions --Application Problems References -- Personal Computers -- Libraries of Reusable Code -- Prototype Strategies -- Prototype the Screens Only -- Protot^e the Processing Procedures Only -- Prototype the Mainline Functions Only -- Benchmark -- Fitting Prototyping Tools to the Task at Hand -- Misconceptions About Prototyping -- A Trivial Activity -- For Small Applications Only For Simple Applications Only -- Token User Involvement -- A Prototyping Example --Voice-Mail Application Second Iteration -- Third Iteration -- Fourth Iteration -- Full Implementation -- Summary -- Review Questions -- Application Problems -- References -- 6. Computer-Aided Systems Tools Automating the Art Role of Tools Benefits of Using Tools Benefits of Computer-Assisted Tools -- Categories of Automated Tools Front-End Tools Back-End Tools Integrated Tools Benchmark -- Use of Automated Tools Computer-Assisted Systems Engineering (CASE) Tools CASE Components Integrating Tools in CASE Using a CASE Tool -- Getting Started Systems Design -- 7. The Analysis-to-Design Transition A Token User? -- Specifying Application Requirements Investigation Objectives -- Analysis of Facts -- Sample Analysis Identification of Requirements Selection of Requirements -- Fulfillment Strategies Objectives in Designing an Information System -- Specify the Logical Design Elements Support Business Activities -- Ensure That System Features Meet User Requirements -- Benchmark -- Fitting the System to the Organization Provide a System Engineered for Ease of Use by People Provide Detailed Software Development -- Specifications Conform to Design Standards What Features Must Be Designed? -- Elements of the Design -- Design of Output Design of Files Design of Database Interactions Main Facilities Menu -- Drawing Data Flow Diagrams Benchmark -- CASE Tools: Looking Ahead Assessment of CASE -- Benefits of CASE -- Weaknesses of CASE -- Benchmark Keeping CASE Tools in Perspective Summary -- Review Questions -- Application Problems -- References Case Study Phase II -- Systems Analysis of Sevco Industries -- Design of Input Design of Control -- Design of Procedures Design of Program Specifications -- Benchmark -- Maintenance: Keeping the System Useful -- Managing the Design Process for Institutional Applications Obtaining ''Deliverables" -- Describing System Design Monitoring Design Process Selecting Hardware and Software Involving Users -- Managing End-User Developed Systems End-User Design Responsibilities -- Systems Analysts' Responsibilities -- Summary -- Review Questions -- Application Problems -- References -- Case Study Phase III -- From Analysis to Design at Sevco -- Industries -- 8. Design of Computer Output A Picture for a Thousand Words How to Identify Computer Output Needs -- Output Objectives Types of Output Key Output Questions Benchmark -- Designing Computer Output: When Less Is Better -- How to Present Information Tabular Format Graphic Format Color Presentation 9. Design of Input and Control-- Manual Is Cheaper What Concerns Guide Input Design? -- - Objectives of Input Design -- Capturing Data for Input -- Data Capture Guidelines -- Design of Source Document -- Benchmark -- State-of-the-Art Forms Generation -- Input Validation -- Checking the Transaction -- 10. Design of Online Dialogue -- Second Nature --- How Is Online Different? -- Immediate Response to User -- Requests -- Less Predictable Demand -- Direct Contact Between System and User -- What Is an Interface? -- Purpose of Interface Characteristics of Interface Benchmark -- Interface Devices -- Actions Occurring at Interface -- Designing Dialogue -- Dialogue Charts -- Dialogue Design Decisions -- Dialogue Strategies -- Menu-Driven Dialogue -- Keyword Dialogue -- Desiring Printed Output -- Printed Reports -- Developing a Printed Output -- Layout Desiring Printed Output -- Designing Visual Display Output -- Layout of Display Screens -- Benchmark -- Display Screens -- Screen Design -- Summary -- Review Questions -- Application Problems -- References -- Transaction Validation -- Checking the Transaction Data -- Modifying the Transaction Data -- Benchmark -- Input Validation: Keeping Up with Changing Needs -- Summary -- Review Questions -- Application Problems -- References -- Benchmark -- Artificial Intelligence -- Data Entry Templates -- Question/Answer Prompt -- Screen Management -- Benchmark -- Summary -- Review Questions -- Application Problems -- References -- Case Study Phase IV -- Systems -- Design of Output and Input -- Sevco Industries ---11. Design of Files and Use of Auxiliary Storage Devices -- Fall Out for Roll Call! -- Basic File Terminology -- Data Item -- Record -- Record Key -- Entity -- File Databases -- Data Structure Diagrams -- Purpose -- Notation Use in File Design -- Types of Files -- Master File -- Transaction File -- Table File -- Report File -- Other Files -- Methods of File Organization -- Sequential Organization -- 12. Design of Database Interactions -- Hold the Sidewalks! --Systems Development in a Database -- Environment -- Relationships in Data -- Data Structure Diagrams -- Benchmark -- Entity Relationships:A Key to Managing Change --- The Impact of Database -- Management Systems on Systems Design -- Data Models -- 13. Design for Data Communications Why Not Lease? -- Requirements for Data Communications Systems -- Communications Channels Communications Control Devices -- Protocol --Selecting the Right Communications -- Configuration -- Communications Networks -- Network Topologies -- OSI Interconnect Model Direct-Access Organizations -- Indexed Organization -- Benchmark -- Storage Structures -- Magnetic Tape -- Storing Data on Magnetic Tape Sequential File Processing Magnetic Disk Disk Layout and Design Track/Cylinder Addressing Track/Sector Addressing -- Disk Storage Capacity -- Timing Determination -- Backup and Recovery of Files -- Potential Causes of Data Loss -- Backup Methods Summary -- Review Questions -- Application Problems -- References -- Structuring the Data -- Normalization -- Data Manipulation -- Hierarchical Data Model -- Network Data Model -- Benchmark -- The Database Administrator -- Design in a Database Environment Summary -- Review Questions -- Application Problems -- References -- Benchmark -- Overcoming Barriers of Time and Distance -- Vendor Network Architectures -- Value-Added Carriers -- Design of Local Area Networks -- LAN Characteristics -- Channels -- LAN Access Methods PBX/CBX LANs -- Interfaces and Gateways -- Distributed Systems -- Concept of a Distributed System -- Characteristics of Distributed Systems -- Reasons for Designing Distributed -- Systems -- Distributed Processing System: An Example -- Benchmark -- The Transparent Transformation of Data Communications Design of File Processing in a Communications Environment -- Processing Validation -- Audit Trail File Handling -- Summary -- Review Questions -- Application Problems -- References -- Case Study Phase V --Design of Files and Communications -- Capabilities for Sevco Industries Implementation, Development Management, and Selection of Hardware and Software -- 14. Systems Engineering and Quality Assurance -- How Tested Is "Tested"? -- Design Objectives -- Designing Reliable Systems -- Designing Maintainable Systems -- Program Structure Charts -- Purpose of Structure Charts -- Notation -- Data Passing -- Design of Software -- Top-Down Structure of Modules Coupling -- Cohesion -- Span of Control -- Module Size -- Shared Modules -- Software Design and Documentation Tools -- Structured Flowcharts HIPO -- 15. Managing System Implementation -- Home for the Holidays Traming Systems Operators User Training -- Training Methods -- Wanuer/Orr Diagrams Managing Quality Assurance Levels of Assurance -- Benchmark -- Assessing Systems ReUabiUty: The Customer Is in Control Testing Strategies Managing Testing Practices Levels of Tests Benchmark -- Documentation: Maintaining Credibility Designing Test Data Testing Libraries -- Summary -- Review Questions -- Application Problems -- References -- Benchmark -- Management's Perspective on Training Conversion -- Conversion Methods Benchmark -- Preparedness: Making Direct -- Cutover Work -- Conversion Plan Site Preparation Benchmark -- Finding the Weak Links in a System Data and File Preparation -- Postimplementation Review -- Review Questions -- 16. Managing Information Systems Development A Best Guess at Best -- Estimation and Management of Development Time Estimating Time Requirements -- Benchmark -- Estimation: Meeting the Challenge Personnel and Development Management -- 17. Hardware and Software Selection What You See Is What You Get -- Hardware Selection Determining Size and Capacity -- Requirements -- Computer Evaluation and Measurement Plug-Compatible Equipment Financial Factors Maintenance and Support -- Benchmark --"Used" Systems: Previously Owned Can Be Like New Review Methods -- Summary -- Review Questions -- Application Problems -- ReferencesCase Study Phase VI Processing Design and Implementation of the New System at Sevco Industries -- Project Team Concepts -- Structured Walkthroughs -- Benchmark --Outside Consultants -- Summary -- Review Questions -- Application Problems -- References -- Software Selection -- Evaluation of Software -- Benchmark -- Sales Representatives Are Knowledgeable Experts -- Software Contracts -- Summary -- Review Questions -- Application Problems -- References