Database--principles, programming, and performance / Patrick O'Neil, Elizabeth O'Neil.

Includes bibliographical references and index.

1.1 Fundamental Database Concepts
History of Database Systems
The Relational and Object-Relational Models
The Database Systems Covered
A Relational Database Example
An Object-Relational Database Example
1.2 Database Users
1.3 Overview of Relational and Object-Relational DBMS
Chapter 2: The Relational Model
Chapter 3: Basic SQL Query Language
Chapter 4: The Object-Relational Model
Chapter 5: Programs to Access a Database
Chapter 6: Database Design
Chapter 7: Integrity, Views, Security, and Catalogs
Chapter 8: Indexing
Chapter 9: Query Processing
Chapter 10: Update Transactions
Chapter 11: Parallel and Distributed Databases
1.4 Putting It All Together
The Relational Model
2.1 The CAP Database
2.2 Naming the Parts of a Database
Domains and Datatypes
Tables and Relations
2.3 Relational Rules
2.4 Keys. Superkeys. and Null Values
Null Values
2.5 Relational Algebra
Fundamental Operations of Relational Algebra
2.6 Set-Theoretic Operations
The Union, Intersection, and Difference Operations
Assignment and Alias
The Product Operation
2.7 Native Relational Operations
The Projection Operation
The Selection Operation
Precedence of Relational Operations
The Join Operation
The Division Operation
2.8 The Interdependence of Operations
2.9 Illustrative Examples
2.10 Other Relational Operations
Outer Join
Theta Join
Basic SQL Query Language
3.1 Introduction
SQL Capabilities
SQL History—Standards and Dialects
3.2 Setting Up the Database
Standard Typographical Conventions
A Practical Exercise
3.3 Simple Select Statements
3.4 Subqueries
3.5
The IN Predicate
The Quantified Comparison Predicate
The EXISTS Predicate
A Weakness of SQL: Too Many Equivalent Forms
UNION Operators and FOR ALL Conditions
The UNION Operator
Division: SQL "FOR ALL " Conditions
3.6 Some Advanced SQL Syntax
The INTERSECT and EXCEPT Operators in Advanced SQL
Join Forms in Advanced SQL
OUTER JOIN
Join Forms Implemented in Database Systems
3.7 Set Functions in SQL
Handling Null Values
3.8 Groups of Rows in SQL
3.9 A Complete Description of SQL Select
Identifiers
Expressions, Predicates, and the search_condition
Scalar Subqueries as Expressions: Advanced SQL
SQL versus Advanced SQL: Summary
A Discussion of the Predicates
3.10 Insert, Update, and Delete Statements
The Insert Statement
The Update Statement
The Delete Statement
3.11 The Power of the Select Statement
The Non-Procedural Select Statement
Turing Power
Limited Power of the Basic SQL Select Statement
Object-Relational SQL
4.1 Introduction
ORSQL Capabilities
Form of Presentation for This Chapter
Object-Relational History
4.2 Objects and Tables
4.2.1 Object Types in ORACLE
Definition of the REF Object Reference
4.2.2 INFORMIX Row Types for Objects
Absence of REFs in INFORMIX
Type Inheritance in INFORMIX
4.2.3 Objects and Tables: Summary
Object Orientation
4.3 Collection Types
4.3.1 Collection Tjqses in ORACLE
Table Types and Nested Tables
Two Techniques for Retrieving from a Table of Tables
Unnesting via Table Products
Nested Cursors
Array Types for VARRAYs
SQL Syntax for Collections in ORACLE
Inserts and Updates in ORACLE
4.3.2 Collection Types in INFORMIX
Sets in INFORMIX
Lists in INFORMIX
SQL Syntax for Collections in INFORMIX
Inserts and Updates in INFORMIX
4.3.3 Collection Types: Summary
4.4 Procedural SQL, User-Defined Functions (UDFs), and Methods
4.4.1 ORACLE PL/SQL Procedures. UDFs, and Methods
PL/SQL: ORACLE'S Procedural SQL Language
Using PL/SQL to Implement Methods in ORACLE
Update Methods
4.4.2 INFORMIX User-Defined Functions
SPL: INFORMIX'S Procedural SQL Language
Using SPL to Implement UDFs in INFORMIX
Update Functions
4.4.3 User-Defined Functions: Summary
4.5 External Functions and Packaged User-Defined Types (UDTs)
Binary Data and BLOBs
External Functions
Encapsulation
Distinct Types
BLOB Objects
Packaged UDTs and Other Encapsulated UDTs
Summary
Programs to Access a Database
5.1 Introduction to Embedded SQL in C
A Simple Program Using Embedded SQL
Selecting Multiple Rows with a Cursor
5.2 Condition Handling
Whenever Statement: Scope and Flow of Control
Explicit Error Checking
Handling Errors: Getting Error Messages from the Database
Indicator Variables
5.3 Some Common Embedded SQL Statements
The Select Statement
The Declare Cursor Statement
The Delete Statement
The Update Statement
The Insert Statement
Cursor Open, Fetch, and Close
Other Embedded SQL Operations
5.4 Programming for Transactions
The Concept of a Transaction
How Transactions Are Specified in Programs
A Transaction Example
The Transaction Isolation Guarantee and Locking
Special Considerations in Transactions
5.5 The Power of Procedural SQL Programs
C-'stomized Set Functions
5.6 Dynamic SQL
Execute Immediate
Prepare, Execute, and Using
Dynamic Select; The Describe Statement and the SQLDA
5.7 Some Advanced Programming Concepts
Scrollable Cursors
Cursor Sensitivity
Other Development Environments for Database Programming
Database Design
6.1 Introduction to E-R Concepts
Entities. Attributes, and Simple E-R Diagrams
Transforming Entities and Attributes to Relations
Relationships among Entities
6.2 Further Details of E-R Modeling
Cardinality of Entity Participation in a Relationship
One-to-One, Many-to-Many, and Many-to-One Relationships
Transforming Binary Relationships to Relations
6.3 Additional E-R Concepts
Cardinality of Attributes
Weak Entities
Generalization Hierarchies
6.4 Case Study
6.5 Normalization: Preliminaries
A Running Example: Employee Information
Anomalies of a Bad Database Design
6.6 Functional Dependencies
Logical Implications among Functional Dependencies
Armstrong's Axioms
Closure. Cover, and Minimal Cover
6.7 Lossless Decompositions
6.8 Normal Forms
A Succession of Decompositions to Eliminate Anomalies
Normal Forms: BCNF. 3NF. and 2NF
An Algorithm to Achieve Well-Behaved 3NF Decomposition
A Review of Normalization
6.9 Additional Design Considerations
Database Design Tools
Integrity, Views. Security, and Catalogs
7.1 Integrity Constraints
Integrity Constraints in the Create Table Statement
Primary Keys. Foreign Keys, and Referential Integrity
Foreign Key Constraints: Product Variations
The Alter Table Statement
Non-Procedural and Procedural Integrity Constraints: Triggers
7.2 Creating Views
Updatable and Read-Only Views
The Value of Views
7.3 Security: The Grant Statement in SQL
Variations in Database Products
7.4 System Catalogs and Schemas
Schemas
Catalog Variations in Database Products
The INFORMIX System Catalog
Catalog Tables for Object-Relational Constructs: ORACLE
and INFORMIX
Indexing
8.1 The Concept of Indexing
8.2 Disk Storage
Disk Access Is Excruciatingly Slow
The DBA and Disk Resource Allocation in ORACLE
Data Storage Pages and Row Pointers: ORACLE and DB2 UDB
8.3 The B-Tree Index
Dynamic Changes in the B-Tree
Properties of the B-Tree
Index Node Layout and Free Space
The Create Index Statement in ORACLE and DB2 UDB
Duplicate Key Values in an Index
The ORACLE Bitmap Index
8.4 Clustered and Non-Clustered Indexes
Clustering Indexes in DB2 UDB
ORACLE Special Indexing Features
8.5 A Hash Primary Index
Tuning HASHKEYS and SIZE in a Hash Cluster
No Incremental Changes in the Number of Slots Used
Advantages and Disadvantages of a Hash Primary Index
8.6 Throwing Darts at Random Slots
Unlimited Slot Occupancy: How Many Slots Are Occupied?
Slot Occupancy of One: Number of Retries (Rehash Chain)
When Do Hash Pages Fill Up
Query Processing
9.1 Introductory Concepts
Query Resource Utilization
Gathering Statistics
Retrieving the Query Plan
9.2 Tablespace Scans and I/O
Assumptions about I/O
9.3 Simple Indexed Access in DB2
Equal Unique Match Index Access
Index-Only Retrieval
9.4 Filter Factors and Statistics
DB2 Statistics
Filter Factors in DB2
9.5 Matching Index Scans, Composite Indexes
Definition of a Matching Index Scan
Predicate Screening and Screening Predicates
Indexable Predicates and Performance
9.6 Multiple Index Access
List Prefetch and the RID Pool
Point of Diminishing Returns in Multiple Index Access
9.7 Methods for Joining Tables
Nested-Loop Join
Merge Join
Hybrid Join
Multiple Table Joins
Transforming Nested Queries to Joins
9.8 Disk Sorts
9.9
9.10
The N-Way Merge Disk Sort Algonthm
Query Performance Benchmarks; A Case Study
The BENCH Table
Load Measurements
Query Performance Measurements
Query Ql
Query Q2A
Query Q2B
Query Q3A
Query Q3B
Queries Q4A and Q4B
Query Q5
Query Q6A
Query Q6B
9.11 Cost-Performance Assessment
Elapsed Time versus CPU Time Rating
Customizing the Rating
Variations in Indexing Use between DB2 and ORACLE
Update Transactions
10.1 Transactional Histories
Fundamental Atomic Read and Write Actions in the Database
Predicate Read Actions
Transactional Histories with Reads and Writes
Interleaved Read-Write Operations
Serializability and the Precedence Graph
The Precedence Graph
Locking to Ensure Serializability
The Waits-For Graph
10.5 Levels of Isolation
The Read Uncommitted Isolation Level
The Read Committed Isolation Level and Cursor Stability
Repeatable Read Isolation Level
Serializability and Phantom Updates
10.6 Transactional Recovery
10.7 Recovery in Detail: Log Formats
Guarantees That Needed Log Entries Are on Disk
10.8 Checkpoints
The Commit-Consistent Checkpoint
Motivation for Other Kinds of Checkpoints
The Cache-Consistent Checkpoint
The Fuzzy Checkpoint
10.9 Media Recovery
Stable Storage
10.10 Performance: The TPC-A Benchmark
The TPC-A Benchmark Specification
Lessons from the TPC-A Benchmark
Parallel and Distributed Databases
11.1 Some Multi-CPU Architectures
Client-Server Architectures
11.2 The Curve of CPU Cost versus Power
11.3 Shared-Nothing Database Architecture
Two-Phase Commit
Further Problems with Shared-Nothing Architecture
11.4 Query Parallelism
Intra-Query Parallelism
Appendix A Introductory Tutorial
A.1 Setting Up the CAP Database in ORACLE
Creating the CAP Database
Using the SQL* Loader
Using SQL*Plus
A.2 Setting Up the CAP Database in INFORMIX
Creating the CAP Database (in UNIX)
Using DB-Access (UNIX Systems)
A.3 Datatypes
Appendix B Programming Details
B.I The prompt() Function
Use of Numeric Constants in Code Examples
B.2 The print_dberror() Function
B.3 Building Embedded C Programs
Precompilation and Compilation Procedure Using ORACLE/UNIX
Precompilation and Compilation Procedure Using DB2 UDBAJNIX
Appendix C SQL Statement Syntax
C.I Alter Table Statement
C.2 Close Cursor Statement
C.3 Commit Work Statement
0.4 Connect Statement
C.5 Create Function Statement (UDF)
C.6 Create Index Statement
C.7 Create Row Type Statement (0-R)
C.8 Create Schema Statement
C.9 Create Table Statement
C.10 Create Tablespace Statement in ORACLE and DB2 UDB
C.11 Create Trigger Statement
0.12 Create Type Statement (O-R)
C.I 3 Create View Statement
C.14 Declare Cursor Statement
C.I 5 Delete Statement
C.I 6 Describe Statement
C.17 Disconnect Statement
C.18 Drop Function Statement
C.19 Drop Index Statement
C.20 Drop Trigger Statement
C.21 Drop (Row) Type Statement (O-R)
C.22 Drop {Schema | Table | View} Statement
C.23 Execute Statement
C.24 Execute Immediate Statement
C.25 Fetch Statement
C.26 Grant Statement
C.27 Insert Statement
C.28 Open Cursor Statement
C.29 Prepare Statement
C.30 Revoke Statement
C.31 Rollback Statement
C.32 Select Statement
C.33 Update Statement
Appendix D Set Query Counts
Solutions to Selected Exercises