Research methodology

Preface
Scientific Thinking and Research
1.1 Introduction
12 Knowledge
13 Inquiry
1.4 Scientific Thinking
1.5 Aristotle and Deductive Method
1.6 Bacon and Inductive Method
1.7 Darwin Inductive and Deductive Method
1.8 John Dewey and Scientific Method
1.9 Reflective Thinking
1.10 Steps of Scientific Thinking
1.11 The role of Theory
1.12 Research
1.13 Definition of Research
1.14 Characteristics of Research
1.15 Nature of Research
1.16 Importance of Research
1.17 Types of Research
1.17.1 Basic Research
1.172 Applied research
1.17.3 Action Research
1.18 Qualities of an Investigator
1.19 Difference between Action Research and Fundamental
Research
120 Steps of Research
121 Factors hindering Research
Exercise
viii Research Methodology
2 Educational Research 31
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Definitions of Educational Research
2.3 Characteristics of Educational Research
2.4 Objectives of Educational Research
2.5 Importance of Educational Research
2.6 Scope of Educational Research
2.7 Steps of Educational Research
2.8 Factors hindering educational Research
2.9 Usefulness of Educational Research
2.10 Some Ethical Considerations
Exercise
3 Construction of a Problem 47
3.1 Introduction
32 Identification of a Problem
3.3 Criteria for selection of a Problem
3.4 Defining a Problem
3.5 Statement of a Problem
3.6 Definition of a Problem
3.7 Characteristics of a Problem
3.8 Nature of a Problem
3.9 Sources of a Problem
3.10 Clarifying and stating a Problem
3.11 Delimiting a Problem
3.12 Assumptions about the Problem
3.13 Evaluating the Problem
3.14 The Research Proposal
3.15 Criteria for evaluating Research Proposal
3.16 Characteristics of a good Researcher
Exercise
4 Review of Literature 57
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Meaning of Review of Literature
43 Need of Review of Literature
4.4 Objectives of Review of Literature
4.5 Importance of Review of Literature
4.6 Sources of Review of Literature
4.6.1 Books and Text books Material
4.6.2 Periodicals
4.63 Abstracts
4.6.4 Encyclopaedia
4.6.5 Almanacs, Handbook, Yearbooks and Guides
4.6.6 References on International Education
4.6.7 Specialized Dictionaries
4.6.8 Biography
4.6.9 ERIC
4.6.10 Dissertations and Theses
4.6.11 Newspapers
4.6.12 General Reference
4.7 Functions of Review of Literature
4.8 Conducting the Review of Literature
4.9 Suggestions for Library Use
4.10 Reading Skill for Review of Literature
4.11 Note Taking
4.12 Reporting Review of Literatiu-e
4.13 Advantage of Review of Literature
4.14 Limitations of Review of Literature
Exercise
Hypothesis
5.1 Introduction
52 Assumption, Postulate and Hypothesis
53 Meaning of Hypothesis
5.4 Definitions of Hypothesis
53 Characteristics of Hypothesis
5.6 Nature of Hypothesis
5.7 Functions of Hypothesis
5.8 Importance of a Hypothesis
5.9 Role of Hypotheses
5.10 Sources of Hypothesis
5.11 Formulating Hypothesis
5.12 Formulation of Testable Hypothesis
5.13 Fundamental Basis of Hypothesis
5.14 Tj'pes of Hypothesis
5.15 Kinds of Hypotheses
5.16 Characteristics of a good Hypothesis
5.17 Variables in a Hypothesis
5.18 Variables
5.18.1 The Independent Variable
5.18J2 The Dependent Variable
5.18.3 The Moderate Variable
5.18.4 Control Variable
5.18.5 Intervening Variable
5.19 Some Considerations for Variables Choice
520 Controlling the Variables
521 Operational Definitions
522 Difficulties in the Formation of Useful Hypothesis
523 Testing the hypothesis
524 Formal Conditions for Testing Hypotheses
525 Using Decision Rules
526 Types of Errors
527 Interpreting the Results of Tests of Hypotheses
528 Theoretical Considerations
529 Criteria for Evaluating Hypothesis
530 Hypotheses in Historical Research
531 Uses of Hypotheses in Educational Researches
Exercise
Research Design and Sampling
6.1 Introduction
62 Research Design
63 Population
6.4- Characteristics of Population
6.5 Sampling
6.6 Characteristics of Sampling
6.7 Sampling frames
6.8 Representativeness
6.9 The Decision to Sample
6.10 Cautions about Sampling
6.11 Probability Samples and Non-Probability Samples
6.12 Probability Sampling
6.13 Characteristics of Probability Sampling
6.14 Non-probability Sampling
6.15 Characteristics ofNon- Probability Sampling
6.16 Types of Probability and Non-Probability Sampling
6.16.1 Randomization
6.162 Simple Random Sampling
6.16.3 Systematic Sampling
6.16.4 Stratified Sampling
6.16.5 Multi-stage Sampling
6.16.6 Cluster Sampling
6.16.7 Convenience Sampling
6.16.8 Purposive Sampling
6.16.9 Quota Sampling
6.16.10 Double Sampling
6.16.11 Snowball Sampling
6.17 Characteristics of a Good Sample
6.18 Type of error in Samplmg
6.19 Size ofSample
620 Determine the size of Sample
621 Standard Error
622 Advantages of Sampling
Exercise
7 Methods of Research
7.1 Introduction
11 Meaning and Definition of Method
73 Research methods
7.3.1 Classification according to George J. Mouley
732 Classification of Methods according to Phenomena
7.3.3 Classification of Methods according to Process
73.4 Classification of Methods according to Data Collection
7.3.5 Classification of Methods according to Objectives
7.3.5.1 Qualitative Research Methods
73.52 Quantitative Methods
73.6 General Classification of Methods
73.6.1 Exploratory Research
7.3.6.1.1 Historical Method
7.3.6.1.2 Ethnography
7.3.6.1.3 Case Study
7.3.6.2 Descriptive Research
7.3.6.2.1 Survey Method
7.3.6.2.2 Trend Study
7.3.6.3 Ex-Post—^Facto Research
7.3.6.3.1 Co-relational Design
7.3.6.3.2 Criterion Group Design
Exercise
8 Experimental Design
8.1 Introduction
82 Definition of Experiment
83 Characteristics of Experimental Design
8.4 Need of Experimental Design
8.5 Importance of Experimental Design
8.6 Variables
8.7 Steps of Experimental Research
8.8 Elements of Experiment
8.9 Validity of Experiments
8.10 Classification of Experiment
8.11 Various Types of Errors
8.12 Controlling the Error Variance
8.13 Basic principles of Experimental Design
8.14 Important Characteristics of Experimental Design
8.15 Types of Experimental Design
8.15.1 Pre Experimental Design
8.15.2 True Experimental Design
8.153 Quasi Experimental Design
8.16 Limitations of Experiment
Exercise
9 Tools of Research
9.1 Introduction
92 Tools of Research
92.1 Observation
9.2.2 Checklist
9.2.3 Rating Scale
9.2.4 SelfReport
9.2.5 Interview
9.2.6 Questionnaire
92.7 Oppinionnaire
9.2.7.1 Attitude Scale
9.2.7.2 Q Sort Technique
9.2.7.3 Semantic differential Technique
92.8 Tests
9.2.9 Standardised test
Exercise
10 Parametric and Non Parametric tests
10.1 Introduction
102 Parametric Tests
10.2.1 t-test
10.2.2 Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)
10.2.3 Analysis of Covariance, (ANCOVA)
102.4 Correlation
102.5 Coefficient of Correlation
103 Non-Parametric Tests
Exercise
11 APA Style and Report Writing
11.1 Introduction
112 In-text reference Citations
113 Reference List
Exercise