Judgements on History and Historians / Jacob Burckhardt ; with an introduction by Hugh Trevor-Roper

Originally published: London : Allen & Unwin, 1958.

Includes bibliographical references and index.

I Antiquity
1. Ancient History and Its Scope 2. On the
Intellectual Indispensability of Studying Ancient History 3. The Limits of Civilization and Barbarism 4. Why Today’s ’Educated Man’ Can No Longer Understand Antiquity 5. The Historical Significance of Egypt 6. The Phoenicians as the Earliest Creators of (Polis) 7. On Carthage 8. Athens
9. Rome and Its Mission in World History 10. On the
Roman Empire in Its First Two Centuries
II The Middle Ages
11. On the Middle Ages 12. On Early Christianity 13. Christianity as a Martyr Religion
14- On Asceticism and Its Position 15. The Spread of
Nicene Christianity 16. The Church Julian and
the Prospect for a Restoration of Paganism
18. Western European Arianism and the Jews
19. The Breakup of the Western Empire 20. The Achievement of Clovis I 21. Mohammed as the Founder of a Religion, and Islam 22. The Despotism of Islam 23. Islam and Its Effects 24. The Two Main Realities for the Papacy of the Eighth Century 25. Charlemagne 26. The Normans 27. The Byzantine Empire and Its Mission 28. On the Iconoclastic Controversy 29. On the
Crusades 30. The Sorrows and Sacrifices of the Crusades 31. On the Evaluation of the Later Middle Ages
III History from 1450 to 1598 32. The Periodfrom 1450 to 1598 and the Nineteenth Century’s View of It 33. England in the Late Middle Ages 34. On Richard III 35. On the Wars of the Roses
and on Scotland 36. Burgundy 37. Charles the Bold
of Burgundy 38. France and the Idea of Unification
39. Louis XI 40. The German Imperial Power Under Frederick III 41. The Ottomans 42. The Republic of Florence 43. On the War of 1494 44. On the Power of the Papacy 45. Italy and the Rest of Europe 46. Spain and Portugal 47. The Beginning of the
Reformation: General Considerations 48. On Luther 49. On the German Reformation: Its Causes and Spiritual Consequences 50. On the Reformation: Protestantism and Tradition - The Intolerance of the New Doctrine 51. On the Reformation: The Establishment of So-called ’Spiritual Freedom’
52. On the Reformation: The Masses, Their Motives and Consequences - Luther 53. On the Reformation: Governments - Confiscation of Property and Dogmatism - Church and State 54. The Origin of
the Territorial Churches 55. On the Reformation
After ip6: The Inevitable Caesaropapism 56. On the Coming of the Reformation: The Reformation and the Fate of Art 57. On the Situation of the Catholic Church: The Direct Effect of the Reformation 58. On ZwingU’s Later Period 59. Charles V and
Francis I 60. On Charles V On Henry VIII 62. Custavus Vasa 63. The Community of the Elect 64. On Calvin 65. On Protestantism in France 66. German Culture Around 1555 67. On Camoens’ Lusiads 68. On the Counter Reformation 69. St Ignatius Loyola 70. The Jesuits 71. The Jesuits and the Papacy 72. The Third Council of Trent (1562-1563) 73. The Popes of the Counter Reformation 74. On the German Counter Reformation 75. France in the Year 1562 76. After St Bartholomew’s Night 77. Murder as an Expedient 78. The Special Character of the French Court 79. On the Conversion of Henry IV 80. Holland
81. Mary Stuart 82. On Elizabeth of England 83. The Age of Elizabeth IV History of the Seventeenth andEighteenth Centuries 84. Introduction to the History of the Seventeenth
and Eighteenth Centuries (1598-1763) 85. The Character of the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries 86. The Huguenots Under Henry IV 87. Gomarists and Arminians 88. Powers and Society in Europe Before the Thirty Years War 89. Italy in the Seventeenth Century 90. Richelieu 91. On Germany’s Situation Before the Thirty Years War 92. The Swedes in Germany
93. On Wallenstein’s End 94. The Great Elector 95. England Before the First Revolution 96. English Royalty and Its Task 97. Cromwell 98. The Fronde and the French Aristocracy 99. The Fronde and the Parlement of Paris too. On Mazarin 101. Styles of Life and Art Around 1650 102. Sweden Under King Charles X Gustavus 103. The Age of Unlimited Princely Power 104. On Louis XIV 105. Louis XIV as Lord of the Church io6. The French Spirit of Uniformity and the Huguenots 107. Louis XIV Prior to the War of the Spanish Succession io8. On the Second English Revolution 109. England’s Defence Against Militarism no. On the Characteristics of the Seventeenth Century Russia 112. England After George I 113. Frederick the Great
V The Age of Revolution
114. Introduction to the History of the Age of Revolution 115. The Period of Reform From Above 116. Absolutism in the North 117. On the North American Revolutionary War n8. England
119. On Small States 120. On the Dissolution of the Jesuit Order 121. The Intellectual Situation Prior to 1789 122. German and French Intellectual Development in the Eighteenth Century
123. On Rousseau and His Utopia 124. The Political Situation in France Before the Revolution 125. The Destiny of the French Revolution 126. On Mirabeau 127. The Clergy 128. The Legislative Assembly and the Clubs129. On August 10, 1792 130. On the September Massacres 131. Before and After the Dissolution of the Convention 132. On the Trial of Louis XVI
133. Girondists and Jacobins 134. The Omnipotence
of Utterly Unscrupulous Parties 135. How a Government Becomes Exceedingly Strong 136. Socialism? Communism? 137. The Innermost Core of the Revolution 138. Rousseau’s Concept of Music and the Destruction of Churches
139. On Robespierre 140. Before the gth Thermidor
(July 27, 1794) 141. On the Mutual Destruction of the Revolutionary Factions 142. On the 18th Fructidor (September 4, 1797) 143. Bonaparte and
the 18th Fructidor 144. How Aristocracies and Princes Succumb 145. On the Invasion of Switzerland by the French 146. Old Bern and Why It is Hated 147. On the 18th Brumaire (November 9,1799) and the Consulate 148. On Napoleon 149. Napoleon I and His Russian Campaign