Programming with C++

With ANSI C++ standards

1. Introduction to Object Oriented Programming
1.1 Introduction I
1.2 What is Object Oriented Programming (OOP)? 2
1.3 Structured Procedural Programming (SPP) 2
1.4 Object Oriented Programming OPP 3
1.5 Characteristics of OOPs 3
1.6 Advantages of OOPs 6
1.7 Disadvantages of OOPs 7
1.8 Comparison of Structured Procedural Programming (SPP) and Object Oriented Programming
(OOP) 7
1.9 Steps in Developing OOP Programs 8
1.10 Structure of Object Oriented Programs 9
1.11 Object Oriented Languages 11
1.12 Importance of C-h- 11
Review Questions 12
2. Building ANSI C-H- Program
2.1 Introduction 13
2.2 History of C-h- 13
2.3 The Latest Addenda to ANSI/ISO C-H- 15
2.4 Possible Future Additions to C-h- 16
2.5 C-H- versus C 16
2.6 Versions of C-H- 17
2.7 Source Program Names 17
2.8 Compiling and Debugging C-H-Programs 17
2.9 Stages of Program Development 18
2.10 Compiling GNU GCC/G-H-in Linux 20
2.11 Compiling C/C-H-Program in UNIX 21
2.12 Building C-H-Under Microsoft .NET Platform 22
Review Questions 31
3. Data Types, Operators and Expressions
3.1 Identifiers and Keywords 32
3.2 Data Types 34
3.3 C-H-Simple Data Types 35
3.4 Literals 38
3.5 Variables 43
3.6 The Const Datatype 45
3.7 C++ Operators 46
3.8 Arithmetic Operators 46
3.9 Assignment Operators 50
3.10 Arithmetic Assignment Operators 51
3.11 Comparison and Logical Operators 52
3.12 Bitwise Operators 58
3.13 Bitwise Assigmnent Operators 62
3.14 Special Operators 63
3.15 Type Conversion 66
3.16 ANSI C++ Type Casting 68
3.17 Summary of ANSI C++Operators 69
3.18 ANSI C++ Alternate Punctuation Tokens 71
Review Questions 71
Concept Review Questions 72
4. Input and Output Streams
4.1 Comments 75
4.2 Declaration of Variables 76
4.3 The Main () Function 77
4.4 Simple C++Programs 77
4.5 Program Termination 79
4.6 Features of lostream 80
4.7 Keyboard and Screen I/O 83
4.8 Manipulator Functions 86
4.9 Input and Output (I/O) Stream Flags 93
Review Questions 105
Concept Review Problems 106
Programming Exercises 111
5. Control Statements
5.1 Conditional Expressions 112
5.2 Loop Statements 132
5.3 Nested Control Structures 151
5.4 Breaking Control Statements 153
_ Review Questions 159
Concept Review Problems 160
Programming Exercises 176
6. Functions and Program Structures
6.1 Introduction 179
6.2 Defining a Function 180
6.3 The Return Statement 182
6.4 Function Prototypes 183
6.5 Types of User Defined Functions 185
6.6 Actual and Formal Arguments 198
6.7 Local VS Global Variables 200
6.8 Default Arguments 202
6.9 Structure of the €++ Program 205
6.10 Order of the Function Declaration 208
6.11 Mutually Invocated Functions 211
6.12 Nested Functions 212
6.13 Scope Rules 214
6.14 Side Effects 216
6.15 Storage Class Specifiers 217
6.16 Recursive Functions 226
6.17 Preprocessors 229
6.18 Header Files 235
6.19 Standard Functions 235
Review Questions 235
Concept Review Problems 236
Programming Exercises 247
7. Arrays
7.1 Introduction 248
7.2 Array Notation 249
7.3 Array Declaration 249
lA Array Initialisation 250
7.5 Processing with Arrays 252
7.6 Arrays and Functions 259
7.7 Multidimensional Arrays 266
7.8 Character Array 276
Review Questions 285
Concept Review Problems 286
Programming Exercises 291
8. Pointers and Strings
8.1 Introduction 293
8.2 Pointer Arithmetic 299
8.3 Pointers and Functions 305
8.4 Pointers to Functions 311
8.5 Passing a Function to Another Function 314
8.6 Pointers and Arrays 316
8.7 Arrays of Pointers 319
8.8 Pointers and Strings 320
8.9 Pointers to Pointers 327
8.10 Deciphering Complex Declarations 329
Review Questions 331
Concept Review Problems 332
Programming Exercises 339
9. Structures, Unions and Bit Fields
9.1 Introduction 340
9.2 Declaration of a Structure 341
9.3 Processing with Structures 343
9.4 Initialisation of Structure 350
9.5 Functions and Structures 352
9.6 Arrays of Stractures 357
9.7 Arrays within a Structure 361
9.8 Structures within a Structure (Nested Structure) 368
9.9 Pointers and Structures 375
9.10 Unions 379
9.11 Bit Fields 383
9.12 Typedef 386
9.13 Enumerations 389
Review Questions 391
Concept Review Problems 392
Programming Exercises 396
10. Classes and Objects
10.1 Introduction 398
10.2 Structures and Classes 399
10.3 Declaration of a Class 401
10.4 Member Functions 405
10.5 Defining the Object of a Class 407
10.6 Accessing a Member of Class 409
10.7 Array of Class Objects 423
10.8 Pointers and Classes 426
10.9 Unions and Classes 430
10.10 Classes within Classes (Nested Class) 432
10.11 Summary of Structures, Classes and Unions 439
Review Questions 440
Concept Review Problems 440
Programming Exercises 449
11. Special Member Functions
11.1 Introduction 454
11.2 Constructors 455
11.3 Destructors 470
11.4 Inline Member Functions 476
11.5 Static Class Members 481
11.6 Friend Functions 487
11.7 Dynamic Memory Allocations 496
11.8 This Pointer 502
11.9 Mutable 505
Review Questions 506
Concept Review Problems 506
Programming Exercises 513
12. Single and Multiple Inheritance
12.1 Introduction 518
12.2 Single Inheritance 520
12.3 Types of Base Classes 524
12.4 Types of Derivation 531
12.5 Ambiguity in Single Inheritance 534
12.6 Array ofClass Objects and Single Inheritance 536
12.7 Multiple Inheritance 538
12.8 Container Classes 549
12.9 Member Access Control 552
12.10 Summary of the Inheritance Access Specifier 568
Review Questions 568
Concept Review Problems 569
Programming Exercises 581
13. OverlQadlng Functions and Operators
13.1 Function Overloading 584
13.2 Operator Overloading 607
13.3 Overloading of Binary Operators 612
13.4 Overloading of Unary Operators 617
Review Questions 621
Concept Review Problems 622
Programming Exercises 632
14. Polymorphism and Virtual Functions
14.1 Polymorphism 633
14.2 Early Binding 634
14.3 Polymorphism with Pointers 638
14.4 Virtual Fxmctions 641
14.5 Late Binding 644
14.6 Pure Virtual Functions 653
14.7 Abstract Base Classes 656
14.8 Constructors Under Inheritance 659
14.9 Destructors Under Inheritance ^661
14.10 Virtual Destructors 664
14.11 Virtual Base Classes 668
Review Questions 673
Concept Review Problems 674
Programming Exercises 685
15. Templates, Namespace and Exception Handling
15.1 Function Template 689
15.2 Class Template 694
15.3 Overloading of Function Template 698
15.4 Exception Handling 703
15.5 Namespace 710
Review Questions 724
Concept Review Problems 725
Programming Exercises 735
16. Data File Operations
16.1 Opening and Closing of Files 736
16.2 Stream State Member Functions 738
16.3 ReadingAVriting a Character from a File 740
16.4 Binary File Operations 745
16.5 Classes and File Operations 747
16.6 Structures and File Operations 753
16.7 Array of Class Objects and File Operations 754
16.8 Nested Classes and File Operations 757
16.9 Random Access File Processing 761
Review Questions 766
Programming Exercises 767
17. STL-Containers Library
17.1 Introduction 768
VI1 Vector Class 769
17.3 Double Ended Queue (Deque) Class 772
17.4 List Class 775
17.5 Stack Class 777
17.6 Queue Class 781
17.7 Priority_queue Class 786
17.8 Set 788
17.9 Multiset 789
17.10 Map 790
17.11 Multimap 792
17.12 Bitset 793
Review Questions 793
18. STL-Iterators and Allocators
18.1 Introduction 795
18.2 Types of Iterators 796
18.3 <Iterator> Member Functions 796
18.4 Operators 800
18.5 Types of Iterator Classes 801
18.6 Summary of Iterator Classes 802
Review Questions 803
19. STL-Algorithms and Function Objects
19.1 Introduction 804
19.2 Non-modifying Sequence Algorithms 805
19.3 Modifying Sequence Algorithms 806
19.4 Sorted Sequence Algorithms 810
19.5 Heap Operation Algorithms 812
19.6 Comparison Algorithms 812
19.7 Permutation Algorithm 813
19.8 Numeric Algorithms 813
19.9 Function Objects 814
19.10 The Functional Members 814
Review Questions 818