Programming in ANSI C / E Balagurusamy

Previous ed. published 1990 under title: Applications programming in ANSI C.

Includes index.

Preface to the Fifth Edition
1 Overview of C
1.1 History of C 1
1.2 Importance of C 3
1.3 Sample Program 1: Printing a Message 3
1.4 Sample Program 2; Adding Two Numbers 6
1.5 Sample Program 3: Interest Calculation 8
1.6 Sample Program 4; Use of Subroutines 10
1.7 Sample Program 5: Use of Math Functions 11
1.8 Basic Structure of C Programs 12
1.9 Programming Style 14
1.10 Executing a 'C Program 14
1.11 Unix System 16
1.12 Ms-Dos System 18
Review Questions 19-
Programming Exercises 20
2 Constants, Variables, and Data Types
2.1 Introduction 23
2.2 Character Set 23
2.3 C Tokens 25
2.4 Keywords and Identifiers 25
2.5 Constants 26
2.6 Variables 30
2.7 Data Types 31
2.8 Declaration of Variables 34
2.9 Declaration of Storage Class 37
2.10 Assigning Values to Variables 38
2.11 Defining Symbolic Constants 44
2.12 Declaring a Variable as Constant 45
2.13 Declaring a Variable as Volatile 45
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2.14 Overflow and Underflow of Data 46
Review Questions 49
Programming Exercises 51
3 Operators and Expressions
3.1 Introduction 52
3.2 Arithmetic Operators 52
3.3 Relational Operators 55
3.4 Logical Operators 57
3.5 Assignment Operators 57
3.6 Increment and Decrement Operators 59
3.7 Conditional Operator 61
3.8 Bitwise Operators 61
3.9 Special Operators 61
3.10 Arithmetic Expressions 63
3.11 Evaluation of Expressions 64
3.12 Precedence of Arithmetic Operators 65
3.13 Some Computational Problems 67
3.14 Type Conversions in Expressions 68
3.15 Operator Precedence and Associativity 72
3.16 Mathematical Fimctions 74
Review Questions 78
Programming Exercises 81
4 Managing Input and Output Operations
4.1 Introduction 84
• 4.2 Reading a Character 85
4.3 Writing a Character 88
4.4 Formatted Input 89
4.5 Formatted Output 98
Review Questions 110
Programming Exercises 112
5 Decision Making and Branching
5.1 Introduction 114
5.2 Decision Making with IF Statement 114
5.3 Simple IF Statement 115
5.4 The IF ELSE Statement 119
5.5 Nesting of IF....ELSE Statements 122
5.6 The ELSE IF Ladder 126
5.7 The Switch Statement 129
5.8 The ? ; Operator 133
5.9 The GOTO Statement 136
Review Questions 144
Programming Exercises 148
6 Decision Making and Looping
6.1 Introduction 152
6.2 The WHILE Statement 154
6.3 The DO Statement 157
6.4 The FOR Statement 159
6.5 Jumps in LOOPS 166
6.6 Concise Test Expressions 174
Review Questions 182
Programming Exercises 186
7 Arrays
7.1 Introduction 190
7.2 One-dimensional Arrays 192
7.3 Declaration of One-dimensional Arrays 193
7.4 Initialization of One-dimensional Arrays 195
7.5 Two-dimensional Arrays 199
7.6 Initializing Two-dimensional Arrays 204
7.7 Multi-dimensional Arrays 208
7.8 Dynamic Arrays 209
7.9 More about Arrays 209
Review Questions 223
Programming Exercises 225
8 Character Arrays and Strings
8.1 Introduction 229
8.2 Declaring and Initializing String Variables 230
8.3 Reading Strings from Terminal 231
8.4 Writing Strings to Screen 236
8.5 Arithmetic Operations on Characters 241
8.6 Putting Strings Together 242
8.7 Comparison of Two Strings 244
8.8 String-handling Functions 244
8.9 Table of Strings 250
8.10 Other Features of Strings 252
Review Questions 257
Programming Exercises 259
9 User-defined Functions
9.1 Introduction 262
9.2 Need for User-defined Functions 262
9.3 A Multi-function Program 263
9.4 Elements of User-defined Functions 266
9.5 Definition of Functions 267
9.6 Return Values and their Types 269
9.7 Function Calls 270
9.8 Function Declaration 272
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9.9 Category of Functions 274
9.10 No Arguments and no Return Values 274
9.11 Arguments but no Retxim Values 277
9.12 Arguments with Return Values 280
9.13 No Arguments but Returns a Value 284
9.14 Fxmctions that Return Multiple Values 285
9.15 Nesting of Functions 286
9.16 Recursion 288
9.17 Passing Arrays to Functions 289
9.18 Passing Strings to Functions 294
9.19 The Scope, Visibility and Lifetime of Vzuiables 295
9.20 Multifile Programs 305
Review Questions 311
Programming Exercises 315
10 Structures and Unions
10.1 Introduction 317
10.2 Defining a Structure 317
10.3 Declaring Structure Vgiriables 319
10.4 Accessing Structure Members 321
10.5 Structure Initialization 322
10.6 Copying and Comparing Structure Variables 324
10.7 Operations on Individual Members 326
10.8 Arrays of Structures 327
10.9 Arrays within Structures 329
10.10 Structures within Structmes 331
10.11 Structures and Functions 333
10.12 Unions 335
10.13 Size of Structiires 337
10.14 Bit Fields 337
11 Pointers
Review Questions 344
Programming Exercises 348
11.1 Introduction 351
11.2 Understanding Pointers 351
11.3 Accessing the Address of a Variable 354
11.4 Declaring Pointer Vgiriables 355
11.5 Initialization of Pointer Variables 356
11.6 Accessing a Variable through its Pointer 358
11.7 Chain of Pointers 360
11.8 Pointer Expressions 361
11.9 Pointer Increments and Scale Factor 362
11.10 Pointers and Arrays 364
11.11 Pointers and Character Strings 367
11.12 Array of Pointers 369
11.13 Pointers as Function Arguments 370
11.14 Functions Returning Pointers 373
11.15 Pointers to Functions 373
11.16 Pointers and Structures 376
11.17 Troubles with Pointers 379
Review Questions 385
Programming Exercises 388
12 File Management in C
12.1 Introduction 389
12.2 Defining and Opening a File 390
12.3 Closing a File 391
12.4 Input/Output Operations on Files 392
12.5 Error Handling During I/O Operations 398
12.6 Random Access to Files 400
12.7 Command Line Arguments 405
Review Questions 408
Programming Exercises 409
13 Dynamic Memory Allocation and Linked Lists
13.1 Introduction 411
13.2 Dynamic Memory Allocation 411
13.3 Allocating a Block of Memory: MALLOC 413
13.4 Allocating Multiple Blocks of Memory: CALLOC 415
13.5 Releasing the Used Space: Free 415
13.6 Altering the Size of a Block: REALLOC 416
13.7 Concepts of Linked Lists 417
13.8 Advantages of Linked Lists 420
13.9 Types of Linked Lists 421
13.10 Pointers Revisited 422
13.11 Creating a Linked List 424
13.12 Inserting an Item 428
13.13 Deleting an Item 431
13.14 Application of Linked Lists 433
Review Questions 440
Programming Exercises 442
14 The Preprocessor
14.1 Introduction 444
14.2 Macro Substitution 445
14.3 File Inclusion 449
14.4 Compiler Control Directives 450
14.5 ANSI Additions 453
Review Questions 456
Programming Exercises 457
15 Developing a G Program: Some Guidelines
15.1 Introduction 458
15.2 Program Design 458
15.3 Program Coding 460
15.4 Common Programming Errors 462
15.5 Program Testing and Debugging 469
15.6 Program Efficiency 471