Wireless communications: principles and practice / Theodore S. Rappaport.

Introduction to Wireless Communication Systems
1.1 Evolution of Mobile Radio Communications
1.2 Mobile Radiotelephony in the U.S.
1.3 Mobile Radio Systems Around the World
1.4 Examples of Wireless Communication Systems
1.4.1 Paging Systems
1.4.2 Cordless Telephone Systems
1.4.3 Cellular Telephone Systems
1.4.3.1 How a Cellular Telephone Call is Made
1.4.4 Comparison of Common Wireless Communication Systems
1.5 Trends in Cellular Radio and Personal Communications
1.6 Problems
Modem Wireless Communication Systems
2.1 Second Generation (2G) Cellular Networks
2.1.1 Evolution to 2.5G Mobile Radio Networks
2.1.2 Evolution for 2.5G TDMA Standards
2.1.2.1 HSCSD for 2.5G GSM
2.1.2.2 GPRS for 2.5G GSM and IS-136
2.1.2.3 EDGE for 2.5G GSM and IS-136
2.1.3 IS-95B for 2.5G CDMA
2.2 Third Generation (3G) Wireless Networks
2.2.1 3G W-CDMA (UMTS)
2.2.2 3G cdma2000
2.2.3 3G TD-SCDMA
2.3 Wireless Local Loop (WLL) and LMDS
2.4 Wireless Local Area Networks (WLANs)
2.5 Bluetooth and Personal Area Networks (PANs)
3 The Cellular Concept—System Design Fundamentals
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Frequency Reuse
3.3 Channel Assignment Strategies
3.4 Handoff Strategies
3.4.1 Prioritizing Handoffs
3.4.2 Practical Handoff Considerations
3.5 Interference and System Capacity
3.5.1 Co-channel Interference and System Capacity
3.5.2 Channel Planning for Wireless Systems
3.5.3 Adjacent Channel Interference
3.5.4 Power Control for Reducing Interference
3.6 Trunking and Grade of Service
3.7 Improving Coverage and Capacity in Cellular Systems
3.7.1 Cell Splitting
3.7.2 Sectoring
3.7.3 Repeaters for Range Extension
3.7.4 A Microcell Zone Concept
Mobile Radio Propagation: Large-Scale Path Loss
4.1 Introduction to Radio Wave Propagation
4.2 Free Space Propagation Model
4.3 Relating Power to Electric Field
4.4 The Three Basic Propagation Mechanisms
4.5 Reflection
4.5.1 Reflection from Dielectrics
4.5.2 Brewster Angle
4.5.3 Reflection from Perfect Conductors
4.6 Ground Reflection (Two-Ray) Model
4.7 Diffraction
4.7.1 Fresnel Zone Geometry
4.7.2 Knife-edge Diffraction Model
4.7.3 Multiple Knife-edge Diffraction
4.8 Scattering
4.8.1 Radar Cross Section Model
4.9 Practical Link Budget Design Using Path Loss Models
4.9.1 Log-distance Path Loss Model
4.9.2 Log-normal Shadowing
4.9.3 Determination of Percentage of Coverage Area
4.10 Outdoor Propagation Models
4.10.1 Longley-Rice Model
4.10.2 Durkin's Model—A Case Study
4.10.3 Okumura Model
4.10.4 Hata Model
4.10.5 PCS Extension to Hata Model
4.10.6 Walfisch and Bertoni Model
4.10.7 Wideband PCS Microcell Model
4.11 Indoor Propagation Models
4.11.1 Partition Losses (same floor)
4.11.2 Partition Losses between Floors
4.11.3 Log-distance Path Loss Model
4.11.4 Ericsson Multiple Breakpoint Model
4.11.5 Attenuation Factor Model
4.12 Signal Penetration into Buildings
4.13 Ray Tracing and Site Specific Modeling
4.14 Problems
Mobile Radio Propagation: Small-Scale Fading and Multipath
5.1 Small-Scale Multipath Propagation
5.1.1 Factors Influencing Small-Scale Fading
5.1.2 Doppler Shift
5.2 Impulse Response Model of a Multipath Channel
5.2.1 Relationship Between Bandwidth and Received Power
5.3 Small-Scale Multipath Measurements
5.3.1 Direct RF Pulse System
5.3.2 Spread Spectrum Sliding Correlator Channel Sounding
5.3.3 Frequency Domain Channel Sounding
5.4 Parameters of Mobile Multipath Channels
5.4.1 Time Dispersion Parameters
5.4.2 Coherence Bandwidth
5.4.3 Doppler Spread and Coherence Time
5.5 Types of Small-Scale Fading
5.5.1 Fading Effects Due to Multipath Time Delay Spread
5.5.1.1 Flat fading
5.5.1.2 Frequency Selective Fading
5.5.2 Fading Effects Due to Doppler Spread
5.5.2.1 Fast Fading
5.5.2.2 Slow Fading
5.6 Rayleigh and Ricean Distributions
5.6.1 Rayleigh Fading Distribution
5.6.2 Ricean Fading Distribution
5.7 Statistical Models for Multipath Fading Channels
5.7.1 Clarke's Model for Flat Fading
5.7.1.1 Spectral Shape Due to Doppler Spread in Clarke's Model
5.7.2 Simulation of Clarke and Cans Fading Model
5.7.3 Level Crossing and Fading Statistics
5.7.4 Two-ray Rayleigh Fading Model
5.7.5 Saleh and Valenzuela Indoor Statistical Model
5.7.6 SIRCIM and SMRCIM Indoor and Outdoor Statistical Models
5.8 Theory of Multipath Shape Factors for Small-Scale Fading Wireless Channels
5.8.1 Introduction to Shape Factors
5.8.1.1 Multipath Shape Factors
Angular Spread, A
Angular Constriction, y
Azimuthal Direction of Maximum Fading, G^ax
5.8.1.2 Fading Rate Variance Relationships
Complex Received Voltage, VCr)
Received Power, P(r)
Received Envelope, /?(r)
5.8.1.3 Comparison to Onmidirectional Propagation
5.8.2 Examples of Fading Behavior
5.8.2.1 Sector Channel Model
5.8.2.2 Double Sector Channel Model
5.8.2.3 Ricean Channel Model
5.8.3 Second-Order Statistics Using Shape Factors [DurOO]
5.8.3.1 Level-Crossing Rates and Average Fade Duration
5.8.3.2 Spatial Autocovariance
5.8.3.3 Coherence Distance
5.8.4 Applying Shape Factors to Wideband Channels
5.8.5 Revisiting Classical Channel Models with Shape Factors
Modulation Techniques for Mobile Radio
6.1 Frequency Modulation vs. Amplitude Modulation
6.2 Amplitude Modulation
6.2.1 Single Sideband AM
6.2.2 Pilot Tone SSB
6.2.3 Demodulation of AM signals
6.3 Angle Modulation
6.3.1 Spectra and Bandwidth of FM Signals
6.3.2 FM Modulation Methods
6.3.3 FM Detection Techniques
6.3.4 Tradeoff Between SNR and Bandwidth in an FM Signal
6.4 Digital Modulation—An Overview
6.4.1 Factors that Influence the Choice of Digital Modulation
6.4.2 Bandwidth and Power Spectral Density of Digital Signals
6.5 Line Coding
6.6 Pulse Shaping Techniques
6.6.1 Nyquist Criterion for ISl Cancellation
6.6.2 Raised Cosine Rolloff Filter
6.6.3 Gaussian Pulse-Shaping Filter
6.7 Geometric Representation of Modulation Signals
6.8 Linear Modulation Techniques
6.8.1 Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK)
6.8.2 Differential Phase Shift Keying (DPSK)
6.8.3 Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK)
6.8.4 QPSK Transmission and Detection Techniques
6.8.5 Offset QPSK
6.8.6 71/4 QPSK
6.8.7 71/4 QPSK Transmission Techniques
6.8.8 71/4 QPSK Detection Techniques
6.9 Constant Envelope Modulation
6.9.1 Binary Frequency Shift Keying
6.9.2 Minimum Shift Keying (MSK)
6.9.3 Gaussian Minimum Shift Keying (GMSK)
6.10 Combined Linear and Constant Envelope Modulation Techniques
6.10.1 M-ary Phase Shift Keying (MPSK)
6.10.2 M-ary Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM)
6.10.3 M-ary Frequency Shift Keying (MFSK) and OFDM
6.11 Spread Spectrum Modulation Techniques
6.11.1 Pseudo-Noise (PN) Sequences
6.11.2 Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DS-SS)
6.11.3 Frequency Hopped Spread Spectrum (FH-SS)
6.11.4 Performance of Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum
6.11.5 Performance of Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum
6.12 Modulation Performance in Fading and Multipath Channels
6.12.1 Performance of Digital Modulation in Slow Flat-Fading Channels
6.12.2 Digital Modulation in Frequency Selective Mobile Channels
6.12.3 Performance of 7c/4 DQPSK in Fading and Interference
6.13 Problems
Equalization, Diversity, and Channel Coding
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Fundamentals of Equalization
7.3 Training A Generic Adaptive Equalizer
7.4 Equalizers in a Communications Receiver
7.5 Survey of Equalization Techniques
7.6 Linear Equalizers
in Nonlinear Equalization
7.7.1 Decision Feedback Equalization (DEE)
7.7.2 Maximum Likelihood Sequence Estimation (MLSE) Equalizer
7.8 Algorithms for Adaptive Equalization
7.8.1 Zero Forcing Algorithm
7.8.2 Least Mean Square Algorithm
7.8.3 Recursive Least Squares Algorithm
7.8.4 Summary of Algorithms
7.9 Fractionally Spaced Equalizers
7.10 Diversity Techniques
7.10.1 Derivation of Selection Diversity Improvement
7.10.2 Derivation of Maximal Ratio Combining Improvement
7.10.3 Practical Space Diversity Considerations
7.10.3.1 Selection Diversity
7.10.3.2 Feedback or Scanning Diversity
7.10.3.3 Maximal Ratio Combining
7.10.3.4 Equal Gain Combining
7.10.4 Polarization Diversity
7.10.5 Frequency Diversity
7.10.6 Time Diversity
7.11 RAKE Receiver
7.12 Interleaving
7.13 Fundamentals of Charmel Coding
7.14 Block Codes and Finite Fields
7.14.1 Examples of Block Codes
7.14.2 Case Study: Reed-Solomon Codes for CDPD
7.14.2.1 Reed-Solomon Encoding
7.14.2.2 Reed-Solomon Decoding
7.15 Convolutional Codes
7.15.1 Decoding of Convolutional Codes
7.15.1.1 The Viterbi Algorithm
7.15.1.2 Other Decoding Algorithms for Convolutional Codes
7.16 Coding Gain
7.17 Trellis Coded Modulation
7.18 Turbo Codes
7.19 Problems
( Speech Coding
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Characteristics of Speech Signals
8.3 Quantization Techniques
8.3.1 Uniform Quantization
8.3.2 Nonuniform Quantization
8.3.3 Adaptive Quantization
8.3.4 Vector Quantization
8.4 Adaptive Differential Pulse Code Modulation (ADPCM)
8.5 Frequency Domain Coding of Speech
8.5.1 Sub-band Coding
8.5.2 Adaptive Transform Coding
8.6 Vocoders
8.6.1 Channel V ocoders
8.6.2 Formant Vocoders
8.6.3 Cepstrum Vocoders
8.6.4 Voice-Excited Vocoder
8.7 Linear Predictive Coders
8.7.1 LPC Vocoders
8.7.2 Multipulse Excited LPC
8.7.3 Code-Excited LPC
8.7.4 Residual Excited LPC
8.8 Choo§tflg Speeeh Cadee§ far Mabile Cammunieatians
8.9 The GSM Codec
8.10 The USDC Codec
8.11 Performance Evaluation of Speech Coders
8.12 Problems
9 Multiple Access Techniques for Wireless Communications
9.1 Introduction
9.1.1 Inhroduction to Multiple Access
9.2 Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA)
9.3 Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA)
9.4 Spread Spectrum Multiple Access
9.4.1 Frequency Hopped Multiple Access (FHMA)
9.4.2 Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA)
9.4.3 Hybrid Spread Spectrum Techniques
9.5 Space Division Multiple Access (SDMA)
9.6 Packet Radio
9.6.1 Packet Radio Protocols
9.6.1.1 Pure ALOHA
9.6.1.2 Slotted ALOHA
9.6.2 Carrier Sense Multiple Access (CSMA) Protocols
9.6.3 Reservation Protocols
9.6.3.1 Reservation ALOHA
9.6.3.2 Packet Reservation Multiple Access (PRMA)
9.6.4 Capture Effect in Packet Radio
9.7 Capacity of Cellular Systems
9.7.1 Capacity of Cellular CDMA
9.7.2 Capacity of CDMA with Multiple Cells
9.7.3 Capacity of Space Division Multiple Access
9.8 Problems
10 Wireless Networking
10.1 Introduction to Wireless Networks
10.2 Differences Between Wireless and Fixed Telephone Networks
10.2.1 The Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN)
10.2.2 Limitations in Wireless Networking
10.2.3 Merging Wireless Networks and the PSTN
10.3 Development of Wireless Networks
10.3.1 First Generation Wireless Networks
10.3.2 Second Generation Wireless Networks
10.3.3 Third Generation Wireless Networks
10.4 Fixed Network Transmission Hierarchy
10.5 Traffic Routing in Wireless Networks
10.5.1 Circuit Switching
10.5.2 Packet Switching
10.5.3 The X.25 Protocol
10.6 Wireless Data Services
10.6.1 Cellular Digital Packet Data (CDPD)
10.6.2 Advanced Radio Data Information Systems (ARDIS)
10.6.3 RAM Mobile Data (RMD)
10.7 Conunon Channel Signaling (CCS)
10.7.1 The Distributed Central Switching Office for CCS
10.8 Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN)
10.8.1 Broadband ISDN and ATM
10.9 Signaling System No. 7 (SS7)
10.9.1 Network Services Part (NSP) of SS7
10.9.1.1 Message Transfer P^ (MTP) of SS7
10.9.1.2 Signaling Connection Control Fart (SCCP) of SS7
10.9.2 The SS7 User Part
10.9.2.1 Integrated Services Digital Network User Part (ISUP)
10.9.2.2 Transaction Capabilities Application Part (TCAP)
10.9.2.3 Operation Maintenance and Administration Part (OMAP)
10.9.3 Signaling Traffic in SS7
10.9.4 SS7 Services
10.9.5 Performance of SS7
10.10 An Example of SS7 — Global Cellular Network Interoperability
10.11 Personal Communication Services/Networks (PCS/PCNs)
10.11.1 Packet vs. Circuit Switching for PCN
10.11.2 Cellular Packet-Switched Architecture
10.11.2.1 Network Functionality in Cellular Packet-Switched Architecture
10.12 Protocols for Network Access
10.12.1 Packet Reservation Multiple Access (PRMA)
10.13 Network Databases
10.13.1 Distributed Database for Mobility Management
10.14 Universal Mobile Telecommunication System (UMTS)
10.15 Summary
11 Wireless Systems and Standards
11.1 AMPS and ETACS
11.1.1 AMPS and ETACS System Overview
II. 1.2 Call Handling in AMPS and ETACS
11.1.3 AMPS and ETACS Air Interface
11.1.4 N-AMPS
11.2 United States Digital Cellular (IS-54 and IS-136)
11.2.1 USDC Radio Interface
11.2.2 United States Digital Cellular Derivatives (IS-94 and IS-136)
11.3 Global System for Mobile (GSM)
11.3.1 GSM Services and Features
11.3.2 GSM System Architecture
11.3.3 GSM Radio Subsystem
11.3.4 GSM Channel Types
11.3.4.1 GSM Traffic Channels (TCHs)
11.3.4.2 GSM Control Channels (CCH)
11.3.5 Example of a GSM Call
11.3.6 Frame Structure for GSM
11.3.7 Signal Processing in GSM
11.4 CDMA Digital Cellular Standard (IS-95)
11.4.1 Frequency and Channel Specifications
11.4.2 Forward CDMA Channel
11.4.2.1 Convolutional Encoder and Repetition Circuit
11.4.2.2 Block Interleaver
11.4.2.3 Long PN Sequence
11.4.2.4 Data Scrambler
11.4.2.5 Power Control Subchannel
11.4.2.6 Orthogonal Covering
11.4.2.7 Quadrature Modulation
11.4.3 Reverse CDMA Channel
11.4.3.1 Convolutional Encoder and Symbol Repetition
11.4.3.2 Block Interleaver
11.4.3.3 Orthogonal Modulation
11.4.3.4 Variable Data Rate Transmission
11.4.3.5 Direct Sequence Spreading
11.4.3.6 Quadrature Modulation
11.4.4 IS-95 with 14.4 kbps Speech Coder [ANS95]
11.5 CT2 Standard for Cordless Telephones
11.5.1 CT2 Services and Features
11.5.2 The CT2 Standard
11.6 Digital European Cordless Telephone (DECT)
11.6.1 Features and Characteristics
11.6.2 DECT Architecture
11.6.3 DECT Functional Concept
11.6.4 DECT Radio Link
11.7 PACS — Personal Access Communication Systems
11.7.1 PACS System Architecture
11.7.2 PACS Radio Interface
11.8 Pacific Digital Cellular (PDC)
11.9 Personal Handyphone System (PHS)
11.10 US PCS and ISM Bands
11.11 US Wireless Cable Television
11.12 Summary of Standards Throughout the World
11.13 Problems