Environmental physiology of animals / Pat Willmer, Graham Stone, Ian Johnston.

Includes bibliographical references and index.

F^rcface to Second Edition, viii
Preface to First Edition, ix
Aclcnowiedgments, x
Alibreviations, xi
PARTI: BASIC PRINCIPLES
1 The Nature and Levels of Adaptation, 3
1.1 introduction; comparative, environmental, and
evolutionary physiology, 3
1.2 The meaning of "environment", 4
1.3 The meaning of "adaptation", 6
1.4 Comparative methods to detect adaptation, 7
1.5 Physiological respon.se on different scales, 8
1.6 Conclusions, 15
Further reading, 15
2 Fundamental Mechanisms of Adaptation, 17
2.1 Introduction: adaptation at the molecular and

genome level, 17
Controlling protein action, 17
Control of protein synthesis and degradation, 20
Protein evolution, 26
Physiological regulation of gene expression, 28
Conclusions, 35
Further reading, 35
3 The Problems of Size and Scale, 36
3.1 Introduction, 36
3.2 Principle of similarity: isometric scaling, 36
3.3 Allometric scaling, 37
3.4 Scaling of metabolic rate, 40
3.3 Scaling of locotnotion, 42
3.6 Conclusions: is there a right si/c to he?, 46
Further reading, 47
PART 2: CENTRAL ISSUES IN COMPARATIVE
PHYSIOLOGY
4 Water, Ions, and Osmotic Physiology, 51
4.1 InlrodiKtion, 5 I
4.2 Ai|ueous solutions, 51
4.3 Passive movements of water and solutes, 55
4.4 Nonpassive solute movetiients, 61
4.5 Concentrations of cell contents, 70
4.6 Overall regulation of cell contents, 71
4.7 Conclusions, 74
Further reading, 74
5 Animal Water Balance, Osmoregulation,
and Excretion, 76
5.1 Introduction, 76

5.2 Exchanges occurring at the outer body surface, 80
5.3 Osmoregulation at external surfaces, 84
5.4 Osmoregulator)' organs and their excretory
products, 88
5.5 Water regulation via the gut, 102
5.6 Regulation of respirator)'water exchanges, 103
5.7 Water loss in reproductive systems, 105
5.8 Water gain, 107
5.9 Costs and energetics of regulating water and ion
balance, 108
5.10 Roles of nervous systems and hortnones, 109
5.1 1 Conclusions, 109
Further reading, 110
6 Metabolism and Energy Supply, 112
6.1 Introduction, 1 12
6.2 Metabolic intermediaries, 112
6.3 Anaei i >bic metabolic pathways, 115
6.4 Aerobic metabolism, 1 19
6.5 Metal ilic rates, 126
6.6 Enere budgets, 133
Furth r reading, 139
7 Respiration and Circulation, 141
7.1 Intn Liclion, 141

Cpt.i e and loss of gases acro.ss respirator)- surfeces,
144
VeiT .uion s) stems to improve exchange rates, 149
tiiri iator\ svstems, 154
Dell ring and iransfen ing gases to the lissue.s, 162
C.op ig with hvpoxia and anoxia, 169
( 01 ol ol respiration, I 70
Fill er readiim. 1 73
vi CONTENTS
8 Temperature and its Effects, 175
8.1 Introduction, 175
8.2 Biochemical effects of temperature. 176
8.3 Physiological effects of temperature, 183
8.4 Terminolog)' and strategies in thermal biology, 188
8.5 Thermal environments and thermal exchanges,

8.6 Avoidance, tolerance, and acclimation in thermal
biology. 196
8.7 Regulating heat gain and keeping warm, 202
8.8 Regulating heat lo.s.sand keeping cool. 208
8.9 Opting out: evasion systems in space or lime. 212
8.10 Regulating thermal biolog)': ner\'cs and hormones,

8.11 Evolution and advantages of varying thermal
strategies, 218
Further reading, 221
9 Excitable Tissues: Nervous Systems and
Muscles, 223
9.1 Introduction, 223
Section 1: Nerves
9.2 Neural functioning, 223
9.3 Synoptic transmission, 232
9.4 Ner\'ous systems, 247
9.5 Neural integration and higher neural processes,
254
9.6 Neuronal development, 261
9.7 Sensory systems: mechanisms and principles, 266
9.8 Specific senses and sense organs, 268
Section 2: Muscles
9.9 Muscles and movement: introduction, 290
9.10 Muscle structure, 291
9.11 Muscle contraction, 298
9.12 Muscle mechanics, 305
9.13 Muscle types and diversity, 312
Section 3: Nerves and muscles working together
9.14 Motor activity patterns, 318
9.15 Locomotion using muscles, 325
9.16 Conclusions, 340
Further reading, 340
10 Hormones and Chemical Control Systems,

Introduction, 342
F-ndocrine systems, 347
Control of water and osmotic balance, 360
(.onirol of ion balance and pH, 363
(.ontroi ol development and growth, 364
(.ontrol ot metabolism, temperature, and cohir,
370
C.ontrol of sex and reproduction, 372
I lorniones and other behaviors: aggression,
territoriality.and migration, 381
Pheroniones and the control ol behavior. 381
(.iuiclusions, 386
Further reading, 387
PART 3: COPING WITH THE ENVIRONMENT
Introduction, 391
11 Marine Life, 393
11.1 Introduction: marine habitat.s and biota, 393
11.2 Ionic and osmotic .uiaptalion, .3%
11.3 Thermal adaptalion. 400
11.4 Respirator)' adaptalion, 408
11.5 Reproductive and lile-cycle adaptation. 411
11.6 Depth problems, buoyancy, and locomolioit, 415
11.7 Sensory issues: marine signaling, 423
11.8 Feeding and being fed on, 429
11.9 Anthropogenic problems, 4.30
11.10 Secondary invasion olThe seas: marine vertebrates,

11.11 Conclusions, 442
Further reading, 442
12 Shorelines and Estuaries, 444
12.1 Introduclion: brackish habitats and biota,.444
12.2 ionic and osmtilic adaptation and water balance, 455
12.3 Thermal adaplalion, 466
12.4 Respiratory adaptation, 47!
12.5 Reproductive and life-cycle adaptation, 473
12.6 Mechanical, locomolory, and sensory systems, 476
12.7 Feeding and being fed on, 480
12.8 Anthropogenic problems, 481
12.9 Conclusions, 483
Further reading, 485
13 Fresh Water, 487
13.1 introduction: Ireshwalcr habitats and biota. 487
13.2 Ionic and osmotic adaptation and water balance. 495
13.3 Thermal adaptation, 502
13.4 Respirator)'adaptation, 505
13.5 Reproductive and lilc-cycle adaplalion, 51 1
13.6 Mechanical,locomolory,and sen.sory adaptations, 544
13.7 Feeding and being fed on, 515
13.8 Anthropogenic problems, 518
13.9 Conclusions, 524
Further reading, 525
14 Special Aquatic Habitats. 526
14.1 Introduction. 526
1
I ransienl water bodies. 526
Osniolically peculiar habitats, 529
I hermally extreme waters, 535
Turiher reading, 539

Introduction, 541
loni. an.i adaptation and watur balance. 552
Therm.- Malitui. 5o5
Respira daptaiion, 5X1
Keprodu, ,..c and liiu adaptation, 586
1 ou .mot ion and nu\ hank a! ada[.iations, 596
15.7 Sensory ndapjtations, 599
15.8 Feeding and being fed on. 602
15.9 Anthropogenic problems, 609
15.10 Conclusions, 617
Further reading, 618
16 Extreme Terrestrial Habitats, 620
6.1 Introduction, 620
6.2 Hot and dry habitat.s: deserts, 621
6.3 Very cold habitats, 645
6.4 High-altitude habitat.s, 663
6.5 Aerial habitats, 671
6.6 Conclusions, 673
Further reading, 673
17 Parasitic Habitats, 675
17.1 introduction,675
17.2 i'arasile envirtnimenls, 677
17.3 basic parasite physiology, 680
17.4 Reproduction and transmission, 688
17.5 Parasite sensoiy abilities, 692
17.6 Parasite regulation ofhost physiology, 694
17.7 Biolic interactions: host-parasite conHicts, 696
17.8 Conclusions. 704
FurllKTreading,705