Tree and forest measurement / P.W. West.

1 Introduction
1.1 This Book
1.2 What Measurements Are Considered?
1.3 Scale of Measurement
2 Measurements
2.1 Measuring Things
2.2 Accuracy
2.3 Bias
2.4 Precision
2.5 Bias, Precision and the Value of Measurements
3 Stem Diameter
3.1 Basis of Diameter Measurement
3.2 Stem Cross-Sectional Shape
3.3 Measuring Stem Diameter
3.4 Stem Irregularities
3.5 Bark Thickness
4 Tree Height
4.1 Basis of Height Measurement
4.2 Height by the Direct Method
4.3 Height by the Trigonometric Method
4.4 Height by the Geometric Method
5 Stem Volume.
5.1 Reasons for Volume Measurement
5.2 'Exact' Volume Measurement
5.3 Volume by Sectional Measurement.
5.3.1 Sectional Volume Formulae
5.3.2 Tree Stem Shape
5.3.3 Sectional Measurement of Felled Trees
5.3.4 Sectional Measurement of Standing Trees
5.4 Volume by Centroid Sampling
Stem Volume and Taper Functions
6.1 The Functions
6.2 Volume Functions
6.2.1 Volume from Diameter and Height
6.2.2 Merchantable Stem Volume
6.3 Taper Functions
6.3.1 Examples of Taper Functions
6.3.2 Using Taper Functions
Biomass
7.1 Reasons for Biomass Measurement
7.2 Measuring Biomass
7.2.1 Branches and Foliage
7.2.2 Stems
7.2.3 Roots
7.2.4 Carbon Content of Biomass
7.3 Above-Ground Biomass Estimation Functions
7.4 Biomass Estimation Functions for Tree Parts
7.4.1 Allometric Functions
7.4.2 Biomass Expansion Factors
7.4.3 Leaves
7.4.4 Roots
Stand Measurement
8.1 Stands and Why They Are Measured
8.2 Measurements Taken in Stands
8.3 Age
8.4 Basal Area
8.4.1 Plot Measurement
8.4.2 Point Sampling
8.4.3 Practicalities of Point Sampling
8.4.4 Plot Measurement Versus Point Sampling.
8.5 Stocking Density
8.6 Quadratic Mean Diameter
8.7 Site Productive Capacity
8.7.1 Geocentric and Phytocentric Measures
8.7.2 Dominant Height
8.7.3 Site Index
8.8 Volume
8.8.1 Plot Measurement
8.8.2 Point Sampling
8.9 Biomass
8.9.1 Root Biomass
8.9.2 Fine Root Biomass and Area
8.10 Stand Growth
9 Measuring Populations
9.1 Forest Inventory and Sampling
9.2 Subjective Versus Objective Sample Selection
9.3 Population Statistics
9.3.1 Measures of Central Tendency
9.3.2 Variance and Confidence Limits
9.4 Calculating the Population Statistics
10 Sampling Theory
10.1 Sampling Techniques and Their Efficiency
10.2 Stratified Random Sampling
10.3 Sampling with Probability Proportional to Size
10.4 Sampling with Probability Proportional to Prediction
10.5 Model-Based Sampling
10.6 Choosing the Sampling Technique
11 Conducting an Inventory
11.1 Objectives
11.2 Approach and Methods
11.3 Forest Area
11.4 Sampling Pattern
11.5 Stand Measurement
11.5.1 Shape
11.5.2 Positioning
11.5.3 Size
11.5.4 Edge Plots
11.6 Confidence Limits
11.7 More Advanced Inventory,
12 The Plane Survey
12.1 Mapping
12.2 Survey Example
12.3 Conducting the Survey
12.4 Calculating the Survey Results
12.5 Area of a Surveyed Region
12.6 Global Positioning System
13 Remote Sensing
13.1 Ground Measurement
13.1.1 Tree Stems and Crowns Using Lasers
13.1.2 Leaf Area Index Using Sunlight
13.1.3 Roots
13.2 Airborne Measurement
13.2.1 Aerial Photography
13.2.2 Laser Scanning
13.2.3 Spectrometry
13.3 Satellites