Alzheimer disease: Neuropsychology and pharmacology/ Emilien, Gerad

Part I: Biological correlates of Alzheimer disease
Alzheimer disease
Introduction ..
Differential diagnosis
Alzheimer versus frontotemporal dementias .
Semantic dementia
Alzheimer versus dementia with Lewy bodies
Epidemiology
Risk factors ...
Smoking history
Sex
Head trauma ...
Cardiovascular risk factors ....
Psychiatric manifestations
Genetic susceptibility factors ..
Herpes simplex virus infections
Assessing outcome
Discussion ..
Neurological dysfunctions in Alzheimer disease
Introduction .
Neurochemical studies
Senile plaques and neurofibrillary tangles .
The p-amyloid precursor protein
The amyloid cascade hypothesis..
Selective vulnerability..
Electrophysiological and imaging studies
Magnetic resonance imaging
Positron emission tomography ...
Magnetization transfer ratio
Discussion
Pharmacology of Alzheimer disease
Introduction
Cholinergic receptors
Cholinergic receptors and Ap deposition
Monoaminergic receptors
Serotonin
Serotonin depletion studies....
Serotonin transporter
Serotonin-cholinergic interaction
Serotonin receptors and psychotic symptoms.
Noradrenaline
Noradrenergic-cholinergic interactions
Dopamine
Glutamate and NMDA receptors
The cytokines
Cyclo-oxygenase enzymes
Metal-mediated oxy-radical and peroxide formation
Neuroinflammation
Oxidative stress
Ap and endoplasmic reticulum-associated binding protein.
A neurochemical marker for preclinical Alzheimer disease?
CSF tau
CSF cytokines
Choline acetyltransferase activity
Isoprostanes
Calcium
Serum anti-amyloid peptide antibodies
Discussion
Chapter 4:
Molecular genetics of Alzheimer disease
introduction
Early onset Alzheimer disease .
PS1 gene
PS2 gene
APP gene
Interleukin genes
Late-onset Alzheimer disease.
Apolipoprotein E gene.
Alpha-2 macroglobulin
Tau immunoreactivities
Genetic testing for Alzheimer disectse susceptibility
Ethnic and racial differences...
Discussion ..
Promises of animal models of Alzheimer disease
Introduction ..
Transgenic models of mutant human (Hu) APR
with Ap amyloid deposition .
The Games mice..
The Hsiao mice ...
The Novartis mice
The CT100 mice ..
Mutant presenilin mice ..
Hu APP over-expression on the ApoE null background ..
Hu APP over-expression combined with oxidative stress.
APP knockout mice
PS1 knockout mice
Immunization with Ap..
Discussion
Part II: Neuropsychoiogy of Alzheimer disease
What is memory?
Introduction
Short-term memory, working memory and long-term memory
Short-term memory
Working memory
The central executive system
The phonological loop
The visuospatial sketchpad ..
The episodic buffer.
Long-term memory.
Declarative memory
Episodic memory
Semantic memory
Autobiographical memory...
Prospective memory
Procedural memory.
Skill learning
Repetition priming.
Controlled and automatic memory process.
Neuroanatomy and physiology of memory.
Medial-temporal and diencephalic systems.
The amygdala
The hippocampus
The frontal lobes
Amnesia
Mental imaging
Memory alterations in aging
Discussion .
Mild cognitive impairment
Introduction
Boundary between normal aging and MCl
Neuropsychoiogical markers
Eyeblink classical conditioning
A standardized clinical assessment?
Discussion
ve impairment in Alzheimer disease
Introduction
Cognitive impairments..
Executive function
Working memory deficit
Episodic memory deficit
Semantic memory deficit
Naming deficit
Intrusion errors
Visuo-spatial deficit
Language
Memory distortions
Implicit memory performance
Cognitive differences in neurodegenerative disorders
Typical Alzheimer disease.
Frontotemporal dementia
Semantic dementia
Lewy body dementia
Discussion
oral and psychological impairments
Introduction
Psychological impairment.
Anxiety
Agitation and aggression ...
Depression
Psychosis
Sexual impairment .
Delirium
Sleep disturbances..
Wandering
Apathy..
Alterations in dietary habit.
Discussion .
Chapter 10:
Assessment of memory
Introduction
Memory assessment
The Alzheimer Disease Assessment Scale - Cognitive Subscale ...
The Mini-Mental State Examination,
The Blessed Dementia Scale
The Gottfries-Brane-Steen Scale
The Cambridge Mental Disorders of the Elderly Examination
The 7-minute neurocognitive screening battery....
The Mattis dementia rating scale.
The Brown-Peterson task
The Cognitive Drug Research Computerized Assessment System
Informant report questionnaire
Choice of an appropriate sensitive cognitive test.
Discussion .
Chapter 11:
Functional abilities and behavioral symptom assessments
Introduction
Functional abilities and activities of daily living assessment
Blessed-Roth dementia scale
Progressive deterioration scale
Interview for deterioration in daily living activities in dementia..
AD Cooperative study-activities of daily living inventory
Alzheimer disease functional assessment and change scale
Disability assessment for dementia
Behavioral assessment
The dementia behavior disturbance
The eating behavior scale
Neuropsychiatric inventory
Behavioral pathology in Alzheimer disease rating scale
The Committee of the Consortium to establish a registry for
Alzheimer disease
The MOUSEPAD
The Cohen-Mansfield agitation inventory.
The geriatric mental state schedule
The geriatric depression scale
I The Cornell scale
The consortium to establish a registry for AD behavior rating
scale for dementia
Global function assessment
The clinical dementia rating scale
The global interview-based change scale.
The global deterioration scale
AD cooperative study clinical global impression of change.
Clinician's global impression of change
Quality of life
Concept of utilities.
Discussion
Part III: Treatment of Alzheimer disease
Pharmacological treatments of cognitive deficits
Introduction
Modulation of the cholinergic system
Tacrine
Donepezil.
Rivastigmine
Metrifonate.
Galantamine.
Controlled-release physostigmine
Nicotinic cholinergic strategies
Modulation of other neurotransmitter systems..
Neurotrophic growth factors
Decreasing the cellular reaction to neurodegeneration
Propentofylline
Drugs that reduce oxidative stress.
Estrogen replacement therapy
Therapeutic strategies in the APP/Ab amyloidgenic pathway
Anti-inflammatory drugs
Modulation of cholesterol homeostasis.
Metal ion chelators
The emerging field of pharmacogenetics
Discussion
Chapter 13:
Pharmacological treatment of neuropsychiatric symptoms
Introduction
Depression..
Psychosis....
Anxiety
Discussion ..
Chapter 14:
Psychological support and cognitive rehabilitation
Introduction
Cognitive rehabilitation
Domain-specific knowledge —
Errorless learning
Action-based memory..
Reality orientation
Metacognition improvement...
Spaced retrieval
Some other forms of treatment
Imagery mnemonics.
External aids.
Discussion ...
Chapter 15:
Discussion and conclusion .