Fundamentals of environmental and toxicological chemistry: sustainable science/ Stanley E Manahan

ch. 1 Environmental Chemistry and the Five Spheres of the Environment --
1.1.What Is Environmental Chemistry? --
1.2.Environmental Relationships in Environmental Chemistry --
1.3.Environmental Spheres and Biogeochemical Cycles --
1.4.Earth's Natural Capital --
1.5.Environmental Chemistry and Green Chemistry --
1.6.As We Enter into the Anthropocene --
Questions and Problems --
Literature Cited --
Supplementary References --
ch. 2 Fundamentals of Biochemistry and Toxicological Chemistry --
2.1.Life Chemical Processes --
2.2.Biochemistry and the Cell --
2.3.Carbohydrates --
2.4.Proteins --
2.5.Lipids: Fats, Oils, and Hormones --
2.6.Nucleic Acids --
2.7.Enzymes --
2.7.1.Effects of Toxic Substances on Enzymes --
2.8.Biochemical Processes in Metabolism --
2.8.1.Energy-Yielding and Processing Processes --
2.9.Toxic Substances, Toxicology, and Toxicological Chemistry --
2.9.1.Exposure to Toxic Substances --
2.9.2.Distribution of Toxic Substances --
2.9.3.Dose-Response Relationship --
2.9.4.Toxicities --
2.10.Toxicological Chemistry --
2.10.1.Reactions of Toxicants and Protoxicants in Living Systems --
2.11.Kinetic Phase of Xenobiotic Metabolism --
2.12.Dynamic Phase of Toxicant Action --
2.13.Mutagenesis and Carcinogenesis --
2.13.1.Mutations from Chemical Exposure --
2.13.2.Carcinogenesis --
2.14.Developmental Effects and Teratogenesis --
2.15.Toxic Effects on the Immune System --
2.16.Damage to the Endocrine System --
2.17.Health Hazards of Toxic Substances --
2.17.1.Health Risk Assessment --
2.18.Structure-Activity Relationships in Toxicological Chemistry --
2.19.Toxicological Chemistry and Ecotoxicology --
2.19.1.Effects of Toxicants on Ecosystems --
2.19.2.Biomarkers of Exposure to Toxic Substances --
2.20.Toxic Agents That May Be Used in Terrorist Attacks --
Questions and Problems --
Literature Cited --
Supplementary References --
ch. 3 Environmental and Toxicological Chemistry of the Hydrosphere --
3.1.H2O: Simple Formula, Remarkable Molecule --
3.2.Hydrosphere --
3.3.Occurrence of Water --
3.3.1.Standing Bodies of Water --
3.3.2.Flowing Water --
3.3.3.Sedimentation by Flowing Water --
3.3.4.Groundwater --
3.4.Water Supply and Availability --
3.5.Life and Its Influence on Environmental Chemistry in the Hydrosphere --
3.5.1.Aquatic Organisms and Chemical Transitions in the Hydrosphere --
3.5.2.Microbial Action on Organic Matter in the Hydrosphere --
3.6.Environmental Chemistry of the Hydrosphere --
3.7.Acid-Base Phenomena in the Hydrosphere --
3.7.1.Carbon Dioxide in Water --
3.8.Solubility and Phase Interactions --
3.8.1.Gas Solubilities --
3.8.2.Carbon Dioxide and Carbonate Species in Water --
3.8.3.Sediments --
3.8.4.Colloids in Water --
3.9.Oxidation Reduction --
3.9.1.pE and Toxicological Chemistry --
3.10.Metal Ions in Water --
3.10.1.Calcium and Hardness in Water --
3.11.Complexation and Speciation of Metals --
3.12.Toxicological Chemistry in the Hydrosphere --
3.13.Chemical Interactions with Organisms in the Hydrosphere --
3.14.Biodegradation in the Hydrosphere --
Questions and Problems --
Literature Cited --
Supplementary References --
ch. 4 Pollution of the Hydrosphere --
4.1.Nature and Types of Water Pollutants --
4.1.1.Markers of Water Pollution --
4.2.Elemental Pollutants --
4.3.Heavy Metals --
4.3.1.Cadmium --
4.3.2.Lead --
4.3.3.Mercury --
4.4.Metalloids --
4.5.Organically Bound Metals --
4.5.1.Organotin Compounds --
4.6.Inorganic Species as Water Pollutants --
4.6.1.Cyanide --
4.6.2.Ammonia and Other Inorganic Water Pollutants --
4.6.3.Asbestos in Water --
4.7.Algal Nutrients and Eutrophication --
4.8.Acidity, Alkalinity, and Salinity --
4.9.Oxygen, Oxidants, and Reductants --
4.10.Organic Pollutants --
4.10.1.Sewage --
4.10.2.Soaps and Detergents --
4.10.3.Naturally Occurring Chlorinated and Brominated Compounds --
4.10.4.Microbial Toxins --
4.11.Pesticides in Water --
4.11.1.Natural Product Insecticides, Pyrethrins, and Pyrethroids --
4.11.2.DDT and Organochlorine Insecticides --
4.11.3.Organophosphate Insecticides --
4.11.4.Carbamates --
4.11.5.Fungicides --
4.11.6.Herbicides --
4.11.7.By-Products of Pesticide Manufacture --
4.12.Polychlorinated Biphenyls --
4.13.Emerging Water Pollutants, Pharmaceuticals, and Household Wastes --
4.13.1.Bactericides --
4.13.2.Estrogenic Substances in Wastewater Effluents --
4.13.3.Biorefractory Organic Pollutants --
4.14.Radionuclides in the Aquatic Environment --
4.15.Toxicological Chemistry and Water Pollution --
Questions and Problems --
Literature Cited --
Supplementary References --
ch. 5 Sustaining the Hydrosphere --
5.1.More Important than Oil --
5.2.Greening of Water: Purification before and after Use --
5.2.1.Emerging Considerations in Water Treatment --
5.3.Municipal Water Treatment --
5.3.1.Contamination in Water Distribution Systems --
5.4.Treatment of Water for Industrial Use --
5.5.Wastewater Treatment --
5.5.1.Industrial Wastewater Treatment --
5.6.Removal of Solids --
5.6.1.Dissolved Air Flotation --
5.7.Removal of Calcium and Other Metals --
5.7.1.Removal of Iron and Manganese --
5.7.2.Removal of Heavy Metals --
5.7.3.Arsenic Removal --
5.8.Removal of Dissolved Organics --
5.8.1.Removal of Herbicides --
5.8.2.Removal of Taste, Odor, and Color --
5.8.3.Photolysis --
5.8.4.Sonolysis --
5.9.Removal of Dissolved Inorganics --
5.9.1.Ion Exchange --
5.9.2.Phosphorus Removal --
5.9.3.Nitrogen Removal --
5.10.Membrane Processes and Reverse Osmosis for Water Purification --
5.10.1.Reverse Osmosis --
5.10.2.Electrodialysis --
5.11.Water Disinfection --
5.11.1.Pathogens Treated by Disinfection --
5.11.2.Disinfection Agents --
5.11.3.Disinfection with Chlorine and Chloramines --
5.11.4.Chlorine Dioxide --
5.11.5.Toxicities of Chlorine and Chlorine Dioxide --
5.11.6.Green Ozone for Water Disinfection --
5.11.7.Ozone Toxicity --
5.11.8.Miscellaneous Disinfection Agents --
5.12.Restoration of Wastewater Quality --
5.12.1.Primary Wastewater Treatment --
5.12.2.Secondary Waste Treatment by Biological Processes --
5.12.3.Tertiary Waste Treatment --
5.12.4.Physical-Chemical Treatment of Municipal Wastewater --
5.13.Natural Water Purification Processes --
5.13.1.Industrial Wastewater Treatment by Soil --
5.14.Sludges and Residues from Water Treatment --
5.15.Water, the Greenest Substance on Earth: Reuse and Recycling --
5.16.Water Conservation --
5.16.1.Rainwater Harvesting --
Questions and Problems --
Literature Cited --
Supplementary References --
ch. 6 Environmental and Toxicological Chemistry of the Atmosphere --
6.1.Atmosphere: Air to Breathe and Much More --
6.2.Regions of the Atmosphere --
6.3.Atmospheric Composition --
6.4.Natural Capital of the Atmosphere --
6.5.Energy and Mass Transfer in the Atmosphere --
6.6.Meteorology, Weather, and Climate --
6.6.1.Global Weather --
6.7.Atmospheric Inversions and Atmospheric Chemical Phenomena --
6.8.Climate, Microclimate, and Microatmosphere --
6.8.1.Human Modifications of the Atmosphere --
6.8.2.Microclimate --
6.8.3.Effects of Urbanization on Microclimate --
6.8.4.Microatmosphere --
6.9.Atmospheric Chemistry and Photochemical Reactions --
6.9.1.Atmospheric Ions and the Ionosphere --
6.10.Atmospheric Oxygen --
6.10.1.Toxicological Chemistry of Oxygen --
6.11.Atmospheric Nitrogen --
6.12.Atmospheric Water --
6.13.Atmospheric Particles --
6.13.1.Physical Behavior of Atmospheric Particles --
6.13.2.Atmospheric Chemical Reactions Involving Particles --
Questions and Problems --
Literature Cited --
Supplementary References --
ch. 7 Pollution of the Atmosphere --
7.1.Pollution of the Atmosphere and Air Quality --
7.2.Pollutant Particles in the Atmosphere --
7.2.1.Physical and Chemical Processes for Particle Formation: Dispersion and Condensation Aerosols --
7.2.2.Chemical Processes for Inorganic Particle Formation --
7.2.3.Composition of Inorganic Particles --
7.2.4.Fly Ash --
7.2.5.Radioactivity in Atmospheric Particles --
7.2.6.Organic Pollutant Particles in the Atmosphere --
7.2.7.Effects of Atmospheric Pollutant Particles --
7.2.8.Health Effects and Toxicology of Particles --
7.2.9.Asian Brown Cloud: Climate and Health Effects --
7.3.Inorganic Gas Pollutants --
7.4.Nitrogen Oxide Air Pollutants --
7.4.1.Toxic Effects of Nitrogen Oxides --
7.5.Sulfur Dioxide Air Pollution --
7.5.1.Toxic Effects of Sulfur Dioxide --
7.5.2.Toxic Effects of Atmospheric Sulfuric Acid --
7.6.Acid-Base Reactions in the Atmosphere and Acid Rain --
7.7.Organic Air Pollutants --
7.7.1.Organics in the Atmosphere from Natural Sources --
7.7.2.Pollutant Hydrocarbons from the Anthrosphere --
7.7.3.Nonhydrocarbon Organics in the Atmosphere --
7.7.4.Organohalides --
7.7.5.Toxicological Chemistry of Organohalides --
7.7.6.Organosulfur Compounds --
7.7.7.Organonitrogen Compounds --
7.7.8.Toxicological Chemistry of Organonitrogen Compounds --
7.8.Photochemical Smog --
7.8.1.Harmful Effects of Smog --
7.8.2.Toxic Effects of Smog and Its Constituents to Humans --
7.9.Chlorofluorocarbons and Stratospheric Ozone Depletion --
7.9.1.Chlorofluorocarbons and Stratospheric Ozone Depletion --
7.9.2.Antarctic Ozone Hole --
7.9.3.Nobel Prize in Environmental Chemistry --
7.10.Indoor Air Pollution and the Microatmosphere --
Questions and Problems --
Literature Cited --
Supplementary References --
ch. 8 Sustaining the Atmosphere: Blue Skies for a Green Earth --
8.1.Preserving the Atmosphere --
8.1.1.Preservation of the Atmosphere's Natural Capital --
8.2.Greatest Threat: Global Climate Warming --
8.2.1.Increasing Temperature --
8.2.2.Passing the Tipping Points --
8.2.3.Loss of Ice Cover --
8.2.4.Glaciers and Water Supply --
8.2.5.Expansion of Subtropical Arid Regions and Drought --
8.2.6.Some Other Effects of Global Climate Change --
8.3.Dealing with Global Climate Change --
8.3.1.Mitigation and Minimization of Greenhouse Gas Emissions --
8.3.1.1.Less Carbon Dioxide from Internal Combustion Engines --
8.3.2.Transportation Alternatives to the Internal Combustion Engine --
8.3.3.Heating and Cooling --
8.3.4.Carbon Capture Note continued: 8.3.5.Avoiding Fossil Fuels --
8.3.6.Avoiding Greenhouse Gases Other than Carbon Dioxide --
8.3.7.Economic and Political Measures --
8.3.8.Counteracting Measures --
8.3.9.Adaptation --
8.3.10.Heat --
8.3.11.Drought --
8.3.12.Water Banking --
8.4.Control of Particle Emissions --
8.4.1.Particle Removal by Sedimentation and Inertia --
8.4.2.Particle Filtration --
8.4.3.Scrubbers --
8.4.4.Electrostatic Precipitation --
8.4.5.Where Does It All Go? --
8.5.Control of Carbon Monoxide Emissions --
8.6.Control of Nitrogen Oxide Emissions --
8.7.Control of Sulfur Dioxide Emissions --
8.8.Control of Hydrocarbon Emissions and Photochemical Smog --
8.8.1.Compression-Fired Engines --
8.8.2.Catalytic Converters for Exhaust Gas Control --
8.8.3.Photochemical Smog and Vegetation --
8.8.4.Preventing Smog with Green Chemistry --
8.9.Biological Control of Air Pollution --
8.9.1.Bioreactors for Air Pollutant Removal --
8.9.2.Removing Air Pollution with Vegetation --
8.10.Controlling Acid Rain --
8.10.1.Dealing with Toxic and Other Adverse Effects of Acid Rain --
8.11.Limiting Stratospheric Ozone Depletion --
Questions and Problems --
Literature Cited --
Supplementary References --
ch. 9 Environmental and Toxicological Chemistry of the Geosphere --
9.1.Geosphere --
9.1.1.Geosphere Related to the Other Environmental Spheres --
9.1.2.Plate Tectonics --
9.1.3.Rock Cycle --
9.2.Chemical Composition of the Geosphere and Geochemistry --
9.2.1.Biological Aspects of Weathering --
9.3.Geosphere as a Source of Natural Capital --
9.4.Environmental Hazards of the Geosphere --
9.4.1.Volcanoes --
9.4.2.Toxicological and Public Health Aspects of Volcanoes --
9.4.3.Earthquakes --
9.4.4.Toxicological and Public Health Aspects of Earthquakes --
9.4.5.Surface Effects --
9.4.6.Radon, a Toxic Gas from the Geosphere --
9.5.Water in and on the Geosphere --
9.5.1.Geospheric Water and Health Effects --
9.6.Anthrospheric Influences on the Geosphere --
9.7.Geosphere as a Waste Repository --
Questions and Problems --
Literature Cited --
Supplementary References --
ch. 10 Soil: A Critical Part of the Geosphere --
10.1.Have You Thanked a Clod Today? --
10.1.1.What Is Soil? --
10.1.2.Inorganic Solids in Soil --
10.1.3.Soil Organic Matter --
10.1.4.Water in Soil and the Soil Solution --
10.1.5.Chemical Exchange Processes in Soil --
10.2.Plant Nutrients and Fertilizers in Soil --
10.3.Soil and Plants Related to Wastes and Pollutants --
10.4.Soil Loss: Desertification and Deforestation --
10.5.Toxicological and Public Health Aspects of Soil --
10.5.1.Toxicological Aspects of Soil Herbicides --
10.6.Toxicological Considerations in Livestock Production --
Questions and Problems --
Literature Cited --
Supplementary References --
ch. 11 Sustaining the Geosphere --
11.1.Managing the Geosphere for Sustainability --
11.2.Sustaining the Geosphere in the Face of Natural Hazards --
11.2.1.Vulnerable Coasts --
11.2.2.Threat of Rising Sea Levels --
11.3.Sustainable Development on the Geosphere's Surface --
11.3.1.Site Evaluation --
11.3.2.Kinds of Structures on the Geosphere --
11.4.Digging in the Dirt --
11.4.1.Subsurface Excavations --
11.4.2.Green Underground Storage --
11.4.3.Salt Dome Storage --
11.5.Extraction of Materials from Earth --
11.5.1.Environmental Effects of Mining and Mineral Extraction --
11.6.Sustainable Utilization of Geospheric Mineral Resources --
11.6.1.Metals --
11.6.2.Nonmetal Mineral Resources --
11.6.3.How Long Will Essential Minerals Last? --
11.6.4.Green Sources of Minerals --
11.6.5.Exploitation of Lower Grade Ores --
11.6.6.Mining the Ocean Floors --
11.6.7.Waste Mining --
11.6.8.Recycling --
11.7.Toxicological Implications of Mineral Mining and Processing --
11.7.1.Pneumoconiosis from Exposure to Mineral Dust --
11.7.2.Heavy Metal Poisoning --
11.8.Sustaining the Geosphere to Manage Water --
11.8.1.China's Three Gorges Dam Project --
11.8.2.Water Pollution and the Geosphere --
11.9.Waste Disposal and the Geosphere --
11.9.1.Municipal Refuse --
11.9.2.Hazardous Waste Disposal --
11.10.Derelict Lands and Brownfields --
11.10.1.Land Restoration from the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Accident --
11.11.Sustaining Soil --
11.11.1.Biochar for Soil Conservation and Enrichment --
11.11.2.Reversing Desertification --
11.11.3.Reforestation --
11.11.4.Water and Soil Conservation --
Questions and Problems --
Literature Cited --
Supplementary References --
ch. 12 Environmental and Toxicological Chemistry of the Biosphere --
12.1.Life and the Biosphere --
12.1.1.Biosphere in Stabilizing the Earth System: Gaia Hypothesis --
12.2.Organisms and Sustainable Science and Technology --
12.3.Life Systems --
12.3.1.Biosphere/Atmosphere Interface and the Crucial Importance of Climate --
12.4.Metabolism and Control in Organisms --
12.4.1.Enzymes in Metabolism --
12.4.2.Nutrients --
12.4.3.Control in Organisms --
12.5.Reproduction and Inherited Traits --
12.6.Stability and Equilibrium of the Biosphere --
12.6.1.Biomes in Unexpected Places --
12.6.2.Response of Life Systems to Stress --
12.6.3.Relationships among Organisms --
12.6.4.Populations --
12.7.DNA and the Human Genome --
12.8.Biological Interaction with Environmental Chemicals --
12.8.1.Biodegradation --
12.9.Effects of the Anthrosphere on the Biosphere --
12.9.1.Beneficial Effects of Humans on the Biosphere --
Questions and Problems --
Literature Cited --
Supplementary References --
ch. 13 Sustaining the Biosphere and Its Natural Capital --
13.1.Keeping Life Alive --
13.2.Natural Capital of the Biosphere --
13.2.1.Types of Biomaterials from the Biosphere --
13.2.2.Biorefineries --
13.2.3.Using the Biosphere through Agriculture --
13.2.4.Genome Sequencing and Green Chemistry --
13.3.Genetic Engineering --
13.3.1.Recombinant DNA and Genetic Engineering --
13.3.2.Major Transgenic Crops and Their Characteristics --
13.3.3.Crops versus Pests --
13.3.4.Future Crops --
13.4.Role of Human Activities in Preserving and Enhancing the Biosphere --
13.4.1.Artificial Habitats and Habitat Restoration --
13.5.Preserving the Biosphere by Preserving the Atmosphere --
13.6.Preserving the Biosphere by Preserving the Hydrosphere --
13.7.Preserving the Biosphere by Preserving the Geosphere --
13.7.1.Constructing the Geosphere to Support the Biosphere: What the Ancient Incas Knew --
Questions and Problems --
Literature Cited --
Supplementary References --
ch. 14 Environmental and Toxicological Chemistry of the Anthrosphere --
14.1.Anthrosphere --
14.1.1.Crucial Anthrospheric Infrastructure --
14.1.2.Sociosphere --
14.2.Industrial Ecology and Industrial Ecosystems --
14.2.1.Kalundborg Industrial Ecosystem --
14.3.Metabolic Processes in Industrial Ecosystems --
14.3.1.Attributes of Successful Industrial Ecosystems --
14.3.2.Diversity --
14.4.Life Cycles in Industrial Ecosystems --
14.4.1.Product Stewardship --
14.5.Kinds of Products --
14.6.Environmental Impacts of the Anthrosphere --
14.6.1.Impact of Agricultural Production --
14.6.2.Design of Industrial Ecosystems to Minimize Environmental Impact --
14.7.Green Chemistry and the Anthrosphere --
14.7.1.Presidential Green Chemistry Challenge Awards --
14.8.Predicting and Reducing Hazards with Green Chemistry --
14.9.Atom Economy and the E Factor in Green Chemistry --
14.9.1.Yield and Atom Economy --
14.9.2.Nature of Wastes --
14.10.Catalysts and Catalysis in Green Chemistry --
14.11.Biocatalysis with Enzymes --
14.11.1.Immobilized Enzyme Catalysts --
14.11.2.Reduction in Synthesis Steps with Enzyme Catalysts --
14.11.3.Enzyme Catalysts and Chirality --
14.12.Energizing Chemical Reactions and Process Intensification --
14.12.1.Process Intensification and Increased Safety with Smaller Size --
14.13.Solvents and Alternate Reaction Media --
14.13.1.Water Solvent --
14.13.2.Carbon Dioxide Solvent --
14.13.3.Ionic Liquid Solvents --
14.14.Feedstocks and Reagents --
14.14.1.Feedstocks --
14.14.2.Reagents --
14.14.3.Reagents for Oxidation and Reduction --
14.14.4.Electrons as Reagents for Oxidation and Reduction --
14.15.Anthrosphere and Occupational Health --
14.15.1.Role of Green Chemistry in Occupational Health --
Questions and Problems --
Literature Cited --
Supplementary References --
ch. 15 Anthrosphere, Pollution, and Wastes --
15.1.Wastes from the Anthrosphere --
15.1.1.History of Hazardous Substances --
15.1.2.Pesticide Burial Grounds --
15.1.3.Legislation --
15.2.Classification of Hazardous Substances and Wastes --
15.2.1.Characteristics and Listed Wastes --
15.2.2.Hazardous Wastes and Air and Water Pollution Control --
15.3.Sources of Wastes --
15.3.1.Types of Hazardous Wastes --
15.3.2.Hazardous Waste Generators --
15.4.Flammable and Combustible Substances --
15.4.1.Combustion of Finely Divided Particles --
15.4.2.Oxidizers --
15.4.3.Spontaneous Ignition --
15.4.4.Toxic Products of Combustion --
15.5.Reactive Substances --
15.5.1.Chemical Structure and Reactivity --
15.6.Corrosive Substances --
15.6.1.Sulfuric Acid --
15.7.Toxic Substances --
15.8.Physical Forms and Segregation of Wastes --
15.9.Environmental Chemistry of Hazardous Wastes --
15.10.Transport, Effects, and Fates of Hazardous Wastes --
15.10.1.Physical Properties of Wastes --
15.10.2.Chemical Factors --
15.10.3.Environmental Effects of Hazardous Wastes --
15.10.4.Fates of Hazardous Wastes --
15.11.Hazardous Wastes and the Anthrosphere --
15.12.Hazardous Wastes in the Geosphere --
15.13.Hazardous Wastes in the Hydrosphere --
15.14.Hazardous Wastes in the Atmosphere --
15.15.Hazardous Wastes in the Biosphere --
15.15.1.Microbial Metabolism in Waste Degradation --
15.16.Hazardous Substances and Environmental Health and Safety --
Questions and Problems --
Literature Cited --
Supplementary References --
ch. 16 Industrial Ecology and Green Chemistry for Sustainable Management of the Anthrosphere --
16.1.Managing the Anthrosphere for Sustainability --
16.2.Feeding the Anthrosphere --
16.2.1.Utilization of Feedstocks --
16.3.Key Feedstock: Abundant Elemental Hydrogen from Sustainable Sources Note continued: 16.4.Feedstocks from the Geosphere --
16.4.1.Occupational and Public Health Aspects of Mining --
16.4.2.Toxic Hazards of Cyanide in Gold Recovery --
16.5.Biological Feedstocks --
16.6.Monosaccharide Feedstocks: Glucose and Fructose --
16.7.Hydrocarbons and Similar Materials from Sugars --
16.8.Cellulose --
16.8.1.Feedstocks from Cellulose Wastes --
16.9.Lignin --
16.10.Biosynthesis of Chemicals --
16.10.1.Fermentation and Industrial Microbiology --
16.10.2.Metabolic Engineering and Chemical Biosynthesis --
16.10.3.Production of Materials by Plants --
16.11.Direct Biosynthesis of Polymers --
16.12.Biorefineries and Biomass Utilization --
16.13.Green Chemistry and Industrial Ecology in Waste Management --
16.14.Recycling --
16.14.1.Waste Oil Utilization and Recovery --
16.14.2.Waste Solvent Recovery and Recycling --
16.14.3.Recovery of Water from Wastewater --
16.15.Hazardous Waste Treatment Processes --
16.16.Methods of Physical Treatment --
16.17.Chemical Treatment --
16.17.1.Electrolysis --
16.17.2.Hydrolysis --
16.17.3.Chemical Extraction and Leaching --
16.17.4.Ion Exchange --
16.18.Photolytic Reactions --
16.19.Thermal Treatment Methods --
16.19.1.Incineration --
16.19.2.Effectiveness of Incineration --
16.19.3.Hazardous Waste Fuel --
16.20.Biodegradation of Hazardous Wastes --
16.20.1.Oxic and Anoxic Waste Biodegradation --
16.20.2.Land Treatment and Composting --
16.21.Preparation of Wastes for Disposal --
16.22.Ultimate Disposal of Wastes --
16.23.Leachate and Gas Emissions --
16.24.In Situ Treatment of Disposed Hazardous Wastes --
16.24.1.Treatment In Situ --
Questions and Problems --
Literature Cited --
Supplementary References --
ch. 17 Sustainable Energy: The Key to Everything --
17.1.Energy Problem --
17.2.Nature of Energy --
17.3.Sustainable Energy: Away from the Sun and Back Again --
17.3.1.The Brief Era of Fossil Fuels --
17.3.2.Back to the Sun --
17.4.Sources of Energy Used in the Anthrosphere: Present and Future --
17.5.Energy Devices and Conversions --
17.5.1.Fuel Cells --
17.6.Green Technology and Energy Conversion Efficiency --
17.7.Energy Conservation and Renewable Energy Sources --
17.8.Petroleum Hydrocarbons and Natural Gas Liquids --
17.8.1.Heavy Oil --
17.8.2.Shale Oil --
17.8.3.Natural Gas Liquids --
17.9.Natural Gas --
17.10.Coal --
17.10.1.Coal Conversion --
17.11.Carbon Sequestration for Fossil Fuel Utilization --
17.12.Great Plains Synfuels Plant: Industrial Ecology in Practice to Produce Energy and Chemicals --
17.13.Nuclear Energy --
17.13.1.Thorium-Fueled Reactors --
17.13.2.Nuclear Fusion --
17.14.Geothermal Energy --
17.15.Sun: An Ideal, Renewable Energy Source --
17.15.1.Solar Photovoltaic Energy Systems --
17.15.2.Artificial Photosynthesis for Capturing Solar Energy --
17.16.Energy from Earth's Two Great Fluids in Motion --
17.16.1.Surprising Success of Wind Power --
17.16.2.Energy from Moving Water --
17.16.3.Energy from Moving Water without Dams --
17.17.Biomass Energy: An Overview of Biofuels and Their Resources --
17.17.1.Processing of Biofuel to More Compact Forms --
17.17.2.Decarbonization with Biomass Utilization --
17.17.3.Conversion of Biomass to Other Fuels --
17.17.4.Ethanol Fuel --
17.17.5.Biodiesel Fuel --
17.17.6.Fuel from Algae --
17.17.7.Unrealized Potential of Lignocellulose Fuels --
17.17.8.Chemical Conversion of Biomass to Synthetic Fuels --
17.17.9.Biogas --
17.17.10.Biorefineries and Systems of Industrial Ecology for Utilizing Biomass --
17.17.11.System of Industrial Ecology for Methane Production from Renewable Sources --
17.18.Hydrogen as a Means to Store and Utilize Energy --
17.19.Combined Power Cycles --
17.20.Environmental Health Aspects of Energy Production and Utilization --
17.20.1.Coal --
17.20.2.Petroleum and Natural Gas --
17.20.3.Nuclear Energy --
Questions and Problems --
Literature Cited --
Supplementary References --
ch. 18 Analytical Chemistry and Industrial Hygiene --
18.1.Analytical Chemistry --
18.2.Industrial Hygiene and Analytical Chemistry --
18.2.1.What Is Industrial Hygiene? --
18.2.2.Laws and Regulations Pertaining to Occupational Safety and Health --
18.3.Categories of Workplace Hazards --
18.4.Chemical Hazards --
18.4.1.Exposure Limits --
18.5.Workplace Sampling and Personal Monitoring --
18.6.Chemical Analysis Process --
18.7.Major Categories of Chemical Analysis --
18.8.Error and Treatment of Data --
18.9.Gravimetric Analysis --
18.10.Volumetric Analysis: Titration --
18.11.Spectrophotometric Methods of Analysis --
18.11.1.Absorption Spectrophotometry --
18.11.2.Atomic Absorption and Emission Analyses --
18.11.3.Atomic Emission Techniques --
18.12.Electrochemical Methods of Analysis --
18.13.Chromatography --
18.13.1.High-Performance Liquid Chromatography --
18.13.2.Ion Chromatography --
18.13.3.Chromatography-Based Methods of Analysis for Water Pollutants --
18.14.Mass Spectrometry --
18.15.Automated Analyses --
18.16.Immunoassay Screening --
18.17.Total Organic Carbon in Water --
18.18.Measurement of Radioactivity in Water --
18.19.Analysis of Wastes and Solids --
18.19.1.Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure --
18.20.Atmospheric Monitoring --
18.20.1.Methods for Sampling and Analyzing Atmospheric Pollutants --
18.20.2.Determination of Atmospheric Sulfur Dioxide by the West-Gaeke Method --
18.20.3.Atmospheric Particulate Matter --
18.20.4.Nitrogen Oxides in the Atmosphere --
18.20.5.Determination of Atmospheric Oxidants --
18.20.6.Atmospheric Carbon Monoxide by Infrared Absorption --
18.20.7.Determination of Hydrocarbons and Organics in the Atmosphere --
18.20.8.Direct Spectrophotometric Analysis of Gaseous Air Pollutants --
18.21.Analysis of Biological Materials and Xenobiotics --
18.21.1.Indicators of Exposure to Xenobiotics --
18.21.2.Immunological Methods of Xenobiotics Analysis --
Questions and Problems --
Literature Cited --
Supplementary References --
ch. 19 Fundamentals of Chemistry --
19.1.Science of Matter --
19.1.1.States of Matter --
19.1.2.Gases and the Gas Laws --
19.2.Elements --
19.2.1.Subatomic Particles and Atoms --
19.2.2.Atom Nucleus and Electron Cloud --
19.2.3.Isotopes --
19.2.4.Important Elements --
19.2.5.Periodic Table --
19.2.6.Electrons in Atoms --
19.2.7.Lewis Structures and Symbols of Atoms --
19.2.8.Metals, Nonmetals, and Metalloids --
19.3.Chemical Bonding --
19.3.1.Chemical Compounds --
19.3.2.Molecular Structure --
19.3.3.Summary of Chemical Compounds and the Ionic Bond --
19.3.4.Molecular Mass --
19.3.5.Mole and Molar Mass --
19.3.6.Oxidation State --
19.4.Chemical Reactions and Equations --
19.4.1.Reaction Rates --
19.5.Solutions --
19.5.1.Solution Concentration --
19.5.2.Water as a Solvent --
19.5.3.Solutions of Acids, Bases, and Salts --
19.5.4.Concentration of H+ Ion and pH --
19.5.5.Metal Ions Dissolved in Water --
19.5.6.Complex Ions Dissolved in Water --
19.5.7.Colloidal Suspensions --
19.5.8.Solution Equilibria --
19.5.9.Distribution between Phases --
Questions and Problems --
Literature Cited --
Supplementary References --
ch. 20 Organic Chemistry --
20.1.Organic Chemistry --
20.1.1.Molecular Geometry in Organic Chemistry --
20.1.2.Chirality and the Shapes of Organic Molecules --
20.2.Hydrocarbons --
20.2.1.Alkanes --
20.2.2.Alkenes --
20.2.3.Aromatic Hydrocarbons --
20.3.Using Lines to Show Structural Formulas --
20.4.Functional Groups --
20.4.1.Organooxygen Compounds --
20.4.2.Organonitrogen Compounds --
20.4.3.Organohalide Compounds --
20.4.4.Organosulfur and Organophosphorus Compounds --
20.5.Giant Molecules from Small Organic Molecules --
Questions and Problems --
Supplementary References.