Part I Background
1 The Atmosphere: Vast, Shallow, and Full of Subtleties 3
Andreas Ddrnbraek
1 Introduction 3
2 The Vertical Structure ol the Atmosphere 4
3 The Tropopause Inversion Layer S
4 Atmospheric Circulation Patterns 10
1 .5 Regional Atmospheric Circulations 14
References 15
2 Chemical Composition of the Atmosphere 17
Hans Schlager, Volker Grewe and Ankc Roiger
2.1 Introduction 17
2.2 Recent Achievements in Understanding the Chemical
Composition of the Atmosphere 24
2.2.1 Advances in Understanding the Composition
of the Polar Stratosphere and Troposphere 24
2.2.2 Advances in Understanding the Composition
at Mid-Latitudes 28
2.2.3 Advances in the Understanding of the Composition
in the Tropics 30
2.3 Outlook 32
References 33
3 Aerosols in the Atmosphere 37
Andreas Petzold and Bernd Kiircher
3.1 Introduction 37
3.2 Definitions and Properties 39
IX
X
Sources. Almosphciic Pn>ccssine. .uul Sinks .j s
A4 .Spali.il I )jsirihulioii • >! \fiosi»|s j l
AS .AlmosphcfK l.ilehuu- .uul I nnp k.inee Ir..nspoii .U,
.A6 .Aerosols in iIr- ( jiiii.iie Svsteni js
Releienees ^ j
4 Karth\ Kadiation Hudmi: Ilu- Drivtr
for Weather and ( liiiiate ss
Kail .Vleerkoller .nul .Mareanla \ a/ijiie/ Na\.in»•
4. 1 A l eu KIinsk.iI lAisies
4 - I lie .Sun .nul Soiai l^.ulialioii Keaelinii' I artli S"
4.4 lairlh s K.ulialioii Mntleei in l-.ijnililMinni S.S
4.4 linhalafiees in l .ailh s Kailialion Hmleel r,|
4..S Kelevance ol Saleliiles lor .\h>nilofme llie I .nili
Radial ion Hndeei ;
4.h On^'oiiiL' Research
Reterences
5 'd^ht Scattering on .Molecide.s in the .Atmosphere 00
Benjamin VVitschas
3.1 Inlrotlnciion (^0
3.2 ('lassilicalion ol la^lil Scaltermg .Mechanisms
in .Vloiecniar Ciases 70
3.2.1 Rayleiyh Seallering 71
3.2.2 Raman .Seallering j}
3.2.3 Rayleijih -Brilionin Sealierin^ 75
3.3 The I3ilTerent Speelral Components ol Molecniar Scattereil
Light and Its Application in Atmospheric Science 70
References
6 Greenhou.se Kffect, Radiative Forcing and Climate Sensitivity . . . <S.3
Michael Ponater, Simone Dietmiiller and Robert Saiisen
6.1 The Cireenhouse KITeet as Part of" Harth's
Radiation Balance X6
6.2 Climate Variability and Anthropogenic Climate Change . . . . 88
6.3 Component Hffects, Radiative Forcing of Climate (diange,
and Climate Feedbacks j^O
6.4 Assessing Tradeoff's; Climate Sensitivity and Hfficacy 03
6.5 Methodology Prospects of an Improved Quantification
of" Component Effects 05
6.6 Concluding Remarks and Outlook 08
References 09
t otUffUs
Conlenis —
1 rhunderstornis: Thermodynamics and Organization 101
Tobias /iiificr and l^icicr (iri>cncmoijcr
7.1 ininHiiiclit>n
7.2 1 hcrnuKiN namics 103
7.3 .Siorm Oream/alion 107
7 3 1 Sinjilc Cell Siorms 107
7 V2 Mulliccll Sloims OW
7.3.3 Sii|x.'rccll Siorms I l l
7.4 Tornadoes and Other Severe Winds 11References

'
8 Thunderstorms: Trace Species (Jenerators 113
Heidi Hunirieser. Harimui Holler and Volker Grewe
S. I Iniroduetit)n ^ ^ 3
8.2 l:\perimenlal Sel-l^p of Airborne DLR Thunderstorm
f-ield i:\periments Toeiising on LNO^ 117
8.2.1 Investigated Thunderstorm Types IIH
8.2.2 Airborne in Situ Trace (las Measurements 118
8.2.3 Giround-Based Lightning Measurements 1 10
8.2.4 blight Planning Tools and blight Patterns 110
8.2.3 Quantification of LNOy 1-1^
8.3 Results brom Airborne DLR Thunderstorm bield
H.xperiments Focusing on LNC^^ 1-0
8.3.1 LNO, Mixing Ratios in Fresh Anvils Over Europe
and NO^ Contribution From the Boundary Layer . . 121
8.3.2 LNO, in the Tropics and Subtropics: Parameters
Inniiencing the LNO^ Production Rate 1-3
8.4 Lightning Parameteri/.ation in Models and Results trom
Simulations with DLR Models 1-^
8.5 Climate Impact of LNO^ 1-^1^
8.6 Conclusions 1-^1
References 1-^^
9 Ice Supersaturation 1-^^
Klaus Gierens, Peter Spichtinger and Ulrich Schumann
9.1 What is Relative Humidity? 1-^^
9.2 What is the Origin of Ice Supersaturation ? 138
9.3 Since When Does One Know About Ice Supersaturation
in the Atmosphere? 1"^^^
9.4 Where Does One Find Ice Supersaturation in the
Atmosphere and How Often? 1^1
9.5 What are the Properties of Ice Supersaturated Regions? ... . 144
9.6 How Important is Ice Supersaturation for the Atmosphere.
for the Weather and for Climate? 1^^
y i
'>.7 W Iik Ii .lie iIk* Hielu-sl \ .iliics »»! ke Siijvi>.jliii.ilu»n
II) llie Aliin'splieie ' 1
Kctcrericcs
10 Atmospheric Ice l ornialioii Processes l""!
licrml K.iichci
10 I IlllKulucin»ii
10,2 Acrosi>1 • Mcili.ilcd Nkulcs »>f Ivc NikIc.iIi"!)
10 2 1 H« HIH'CCMCnlls Ic C Nile le.iln •!) I
10 2 2 Helen»cci)c«»iis lee Nuele.ili'Mi
10 2 ^ ()llier lee Niiele.ilnui Ntiules
10 2 1 lee Niiele.itiof) 111 Cii'iuls •
10 2 ^ Sduiees <>l lee Nuclei
10 ^ I )\ n.iiiiie.il ( oiiliols ol ( jtuiil It e l oiin.ilu'ii
10 M (ieiieralioii nl Su|>eis.ilui.itu»n
10A 2 ( imis I nmialuui In Il«>mt>L'enenus l iee/ine l^^l
lOA ^ Kole ol IN 111 CiMus l-oiMi.itioii 1^^-
lOA i (■lialieiiL'es to KepieseiiliiiL' Ice l oiiiialioii
111 I..irye-Scale* NhuleK
10.4 ( oiicluiliiij.' Keiiiarks
Kcle fences
II l)ettcli<m iinci Analysis of \ii|)<)r lraiis|iiirt K''
Chrisi.-ph Kicnlc. Aiuircas .Schaie-r ami ChnMianc \ mm
I I . I I
1 1 .2 Observations i i 17J
I I..1 Vertical Tratisporl in H.e M.nosphenc Hnundary I,aver 74
4 Vertical Transport in Thiimlerstornis
I I Stratosphere- Troposphere ITxehange ol Water Vapor
in a Stratospheric Intrusion
I I 6 Trttnsport ..1 Moisture in a Mid-l.atttmle C yelo.te Observed
bv Wind ;ind Water Vapor l.idars
1 1 .7 Conclusion and Outlook
References
12 Lons-KanBC Transport of Air Pollutants . . .
Anke Roiger, Heidi Huntrieser and Hans Sell <ge
12. 1 Introduetion ■ ■ • ' Rmge Transport oT Air Pollution H<7
12.2 Results on the Long-Kange i iai I
12.2. 1 Transport Pathways and Timeseales
12.2.2 Chemical Processes
12.2.3 Aerosol Processes
12.3 Outlook 199
References
U>4
100
178
17^)
182
182
185
185
Contents ^^jjj
13 Atmosphci ic Acoustics 203
Dietrich Hciinanii. Ariluir Schady and Joseph Feng
13.1 Iniioduction 203
13.2 Oiiuioor SiHind Propagation 204
13.3 Sound Propagation Modeling 207
13.4 Applications 209
13.5 Conclusions and Outlook 216
Reterences
14 Aircraft \N ake X'orticcs: From Fundamental Research
to Operational Application 219
FYank Hol/apfel and Thomas Cior/.
14.1 The Wake Vtirtex Phenomenon 219
14.2 Decoding Wake Vortex Physics 2*^3
14.3 SimplitVing the Complexity 229
14.4 Wake Vortex Simulation Systems 231
14.5 Assessment and Outlook 235
References 236
15 Contrails: Visible Aviation Induced Climate Impact 239
Clrich Schumann, Kaspar Graf. Hermann Mannstein
and Bernhard Mayer
15.1 Introduction ->40
15.2 Contrail Formation 241
15.3 The Schmidt-Appleman Criterion 244
15.4 Contrail Citrus 245
15.5 Radiative Forcing by Contrails 246
15.6 Approximate Radiative Forcing Dependencies 249
15.7 Energy Forcing by Contrail Forming Flights 250
15.8 Estimates of the Climatic Importatice of Contrails 252
15.9 Conclusions ->5-^
References 253
Part II IVIethods
16 Measurements of Nitrogen Oxides and Related Trace Gases . . .. 261
Helmut Ziereis, Paul Stock and Hans Schlager
16.1 Introduction 261
16.2 Challenges of Airborne Trace Gas Measurement 262
16.3 Atmo.spheric Trace Gas Measurement Techniques 264
16.4 Mea.surement of Nitrogen Oxide 264
16.5 NOy and NO2 Conversion 266
16.6 O3 Measurement Technique 267
XIV
If).7 CO Mciisiirciiieni rcchiiujuc
K).S ('()> Mcasiirctiiciil Icchimiiic
If).9 inlets ami .Sani()lifiy Lines
If). 10 Calibration -
16.1 1 I'xamples - I
16. 1 I . I .Measiireinents ot .Niiioi-cn ()\iiles L.nutteil
by Civil .Airer.itt at I liybt l,e\el - I
16. 1 1 .2 Nitroyen Oxules Measmcments
I siny ( imI Aireralt 2 2
16. 1 1 ..^ Cptake ol Keaetive .Nitroyen on Ciiiiis Clomls 2"^
16.12 Conelusions ami Outlook 2/ 1
Relerenees
17 Chemical lonizatinn Ma.ss Spectrometric Measurements
of Atmospheric Trace (iases '
Heinfned Aulniholl. Dominik .Sebaiible. Anke Koiyer.
L'rank Arnold. Tina Jurkat. Cbristiane Voiyt and Hans .Seblayei
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Overview ol Present CI.MS leebimiues at IPA 2S0
17.2. 1 Mass .Speetronieters
17 2.2 Ion Mow Keaetor
17 2^ Calibration Sources
17.2.4 Sampliny *
I7.2..'S Plallorms lor Atniospberie CIMS Measurements.
17..^ Outlook
References
18 In .situ Mca.surement Methods for Atmospheric Aen.sol ^
Particles and Cloud Clements ,
Andreas Minikin. Andreas Pet/old, Bernadell We.n/ierl
and Jean-I^ranvois Ciayet
I S.I Introduction , -lov
18.2 Aerosol Microphysieal In .Situ Measurement lechniques. . . . - S
IS 3 Challenges of Aircraft Measurements
IS.4 Application of Particle Measurement Methods:
Hxemplary IPA Research Results
18.4.1 Ultrafine Particle Ob.servations with
Condensation Particle Counters
18 4.2 Determining Size Distributions with
Optical Particle Counters
18.4.3 Particle Mixing State: Using Thermal
Fractionation Techniques
18.4.4 Combining Data of Wing Pod Instruments:
Contrail Microphysieal Properties
( ofUfni'.
S7.S
s xo
^SS
Contents
15.5 C\>iK liisions aiui Oiitiook 312
Rctcrcnccs 312
19 Dropsondes and Rudiosondcs for Atmospheric Measurements ... 317
Rciiihold BiiNcn
19.1 imri>vliiction 317
19.2 Radiv>sofuics 31g
19.3 I)ri)pM)ndcs 319
19.4 .Scientific Results t'min Dropsonde Deployments 323
19.3 Oivi.itional Constraints for Drop.sondes and Radiosondes . . . 323
19.6 Suniinarv and Outlook 328
References 328
20 Idi>htnin^ Detection 331
Hartnuit Holler. Hans-Dieter Bet/. lUlrich Finke
and Kersten Schmidt
20.1 Introduction 332
20.2 Thunderstorm Klectrification and Lightning 332
20.3 Principles of Lightning Detection 334
20.4 IJghtning Characteristics of Mid-l.atitude
and Tropical Thunderstorms 338
20.3 Now'casting. Modeling and Forecasting of Lightning 340
20.6 Lightning Detection From Space 342
References 345
21 Cloud and Precipitation Radar 347
Martin Hagen. Hartmut Holler and Kersten Schmidt
21.1 Introduction 347
21.2 Radar Principles 348
21.2.1 The DLR C-Band Polarization Diversity
Doppler Radar 350
21.2.2 Radar Parameters 330
21.2.3 Radar Products 354
21.3 Radar Observations of Thunderstorms 356
21.3.1 POLDIRAD Ob.servations of A Supercell Storm. . . 336
21.3.2 Multiple-Doppler Observations of a Single
Cell Storm 358
21.4 Cloud Radar 359
21.3 Summary and Outlook 360
References 36]
22 Weather Nowcasting and Short Term Forecasting 363
Arnold Tafferner and Caroline Forster
22.1 Introduction 363
XVI ( cjiUrni*.
22.2 Nowciislin^' 'I cchinijiics '
22.2.1 ('oiiccpliial .Model '
22.2.2 1-xtrapohiiiofi
22.2..^ Nuincrical lYcdicimn
22.2.4 I'rcdicimi: liiiii.iiioii/l)issip.iinui > • >
22..^ hitcgratcd .Systems tor .Noueasime .iml Slioii
term l oreeasimi.' ^"1
22.4 Concliidm^' Kernaiks i 'o
kcferciices
23 Iva}4runt4ian Modelinj* of 'I ransporl and Dispersinn
of Air Con.stituent.s vS I
Robert Haiimann and Mans Sehiaeet
2.^. 1 Introduction
2.^.2 I'ransport .Mode! rv[)es
2.^..^ Model Physics >N4
2.^..^. I .Advection ^^4
2.3..^.2 Vertical .Motion
2.3.3. 3 I.)ispersion
2.3..3.4 Ciravitational SettliiiL' ^'S«^
2.3..3..S Removal Processes ^«Sd
2.3.4 lixamples ol Application
2.3.4. 1 Origin and I'lansport Pathways ol SO.> Detected
in the Lower Stratosphere
2.3.4.2 Piikushima Radioactive Plume over luirope 301
2.3.4..3 HYSPLI'I' Simulations lor l^lanning and Analysis
2^.5 Conclusions
References
ol I.agrangian Tracer i-.xperiments 306
24 Radiative Traasfer: Methods and Applications 401
Bernhard Mayer. Claudia Bmde. Robert Buras and Arve Kylling
24.1 Radiative Transfer Modeling ■ ■ ■
24.2 Cloud Remote .Sensing Using Special
Observation Cieometries -^".1
24..4 Monte Carlo Radiative Transfer 407
24.4 Applications 'jj ]
24.4.1 The Baekseattcr Glory 41 1
24 4 2 Cloudbow
413
References
25 Ice Cloud Properties From Space '
Luca Bugliaro, Hermann Mannstcin and Stephan Kox
25.1 Introduction
Conienis ^
25.1 I Clouds 417
25.1 2 Saicllilc Rcinoic Sensing of Clouds 418
25.2 Cloud Properties 419
25.2 1 Physieal Properties of Clouds 419
25.2 2 Optieal Properties of Clouds 420
25.2 > Spectral Properties t>f Clouds 421
25..^ Metcosat Second Generation 422
25.4 Ice C loud Retrieval 424
25.4 I lee Cloud Detection: MeCiDA 424
25.4 2 Ice Cloud Optical and Microphysical Properties:
APICS 426
25 4 > Synergistie Retrieval: COCS 427
25.5 Validation 428
25.5 I Detection Hftlciency 430
25.5 2 Accuracy of Ice Cloud Optical Thickness 430
25.6 Sununary and OutUH>k 431
References 432
26 Contrail Detection in Satellite Images 433
Hermann Mannstein. Margarita Va/que/-Navarro, Kaspar Graf,
David P. Duda and Ulrich Schumann
26.1 Introduction 434
26.2 Historical Development 434
26.3 The DLR Contrail Detection Algorithm 436
26.4 Validation of the Contrail Detection Algorithm CDA 438
26.5 Results 440
26.6 Conclusions 446
References 446
27 Lidar for Aerosol Remote Sensing 449
Matthias Wiegner
27.1 Introduction 449
27.2 Lidar Concept 450
27.3 Retrieval of Geometrical Properties 452
27.4 Retrieval of Optical Properties 453
27.4.1 Backscatter Lidar 454
27.4.2 Raman Lidar 456
27.4.3 Polarization Lidar 457
27.4.4 Optical Characterization of Aerosols 458
27.5 Retrieval of Microphysical Parameters 459
27.6 Examples of Applications 460
27.6.1 Closure Studies 460
27.6.2 Networks 461
27.6.3 Lidar in Space 462
XVIII
27.7 SiiiDriKiry
Rclcrcnces .jr,;
2H Measuring Water Vapor with Dirferentiai \l)sorption I.idar
Martin Wirth
25.1 Ifitrotliiciioi) .l(,s
25.2 Basics of the Dillcrciitial .Afisorplnm I .ki.ir .MclliotI Jo "
28.3 .Spectral ( haractcristics of \\ .itcr N.ipoi Al>sorptioii too
28.4 h.-xaniplcs of Water Vapor DI.AI. .Me.isuieinenis
28.5 SiJtnniary .j"s
References .l'"S
29 Aero.sol ('ia.s.sifieation hy .Advanced Backscatter
Lidar Techniques J"7
Sill<ce CiroL). .Vlartin VV irtfi aiul .Micfiael {•sseil^orn
29.1 In trod net ion 477
29.2 Basics of tlie Hi^fi Spectra! Resolution i.ular .\Ielliod J7S
29.3 Aerosol Classification Csin^ I.ular Measurements I.S2
29.4 Hxaniples of Airborne IISRI. .Measurements JS^
29.5 Conclusion 485
References 480
30 Wind IJdar for Atmospheric Research 487
Oliver Reitebuch
30.1 Introduction 487
30.2 Principle of Wind Lidar Methods 4X8
30.2.1 The Doppler Hffect 489
30.2.2 Spectral Line Shape from Molecular
and Particle Backscatter 4q|
30.3 Wind Lidar Methods 493
30.3.1 Coherent Ooppler Wind Lidar 495
30.3.2 Direct-Detection Doppler Wind Lidar 499
30.4 Selected Results from Recent Airborne Wind Lidar
Observations for Atmospheric Re.search 502
30.4.1 Mon.soon Ob.servations in West Africa 502
30.4.2 Targeted Observations in the North Atlantic
with 2-pm Wind Lidar 504
.30.5 Outlook 505
References 505
31 Tunable Light Sources for Lidar Applications 509
Andreas Fix
31.1 Introduction 509
Contents
— —-—— m
M : Basic I'rinciplos of Pulsed Opileal Parametric Oscillators
and Aiiipliricrs <^j j
31..^ Optical Parainciric Oscillators at 935 nni for Airborne
Dittcicntial Absorption Water Vapor Lidar 516
31.4 Optkal Parametric Oscillators in the Ultraviolet Spectral
Ranee lor the Detectit^n of O/one 51^
31.5 infrared Optical Parametric Oscillators and Amplifiers
tor the Detection of Greenhouse Ga.ses 5-)!
3I.b Summary and Outlook
References
32 Advanced Numerical Modeling of Turbulent
Atmospheric Flows
Christian Kiihnlein, Andreas Ddrnbrack and Thomas Gerz
32.1 Introiluctit)!!
32.2 Fundamental Approach
32.3 CA)mputational Model Development 53"^
32.4 F.xamples for Applications
32.4.1 DNS of Turbulent Shear Flows 534
32.4.2 LES ot the Convective Boundary Layer 535
32.4.3 LES of Turbulent Flows Through
Heated Canopies 33-7
32.4.4 Adaptive Meshes ^3^
32.5 Future Trends
References
33 Cloud Resolving Modeling of Contrail Evolution 543
Simon Unterstrasser, Ingo Soldi and Klaus Gierens
33.1 Introduction
33.2 Temporal Evolution of Contrails ' " ^ ^ ^ 544
33.2.1 Contrail Formation in the Jet Pha.se 544
33.2.2 Vertical E.xpansion During the Vortex Phase 546
33.2.3 Spreading During the Dispersion Pha.se 548
33.3 Modeling Contrails and Contrail Citrus 55O
33.3.1 Why Do We Need Models? 55O
33.3.2 Dynamics
33.3.3 Microphysics
33.3.4 Radiative Transfer 55-^
33.4 Simulations of Contrails and Contrail Cirrus 553
33.4.1 Vortex Phase 554
33.4.2 Di.spersion Phase 556
33.5 Outlook
References
O-IO
XX
34 (rlohul Atmospheric Aerosol Modeling
Johannes Ueiulricks, Mallia Kielii and \ alenima Aijiiila
34.1 Introdiieiiofi
34.2 Reprcscnlalion ol Acrost)! in Cilohal M«hIcIs ^
34.2.1 .Aerosol l ypes and .Si/e Distiihiition
34.2.2 Aerosol Life ( \ele
34.3 Sinuilalion of Aerosol Idleets on .\lriu>sj4ieie
and Climate
34.4 Model lAaluation ^
34..'S H.xamples of Results from .Aerosol .Model Smuil.itions t>
34..3. 1 Model Description ^
.M..3.2 Results
34.6 Outlook
References
35 Karth Sy.stem .Modeling
Patrick Jdckel
35.1 Introduction
35.2 liarth System Models: A Construction (iuiilelme 57.S
35.3 Porcifiiz Terms: Parameteri/ations andleedhack 5.SI
35.4 Operator Splitting: The Pundamental Concept of lairth
System Model Implementations 5S2
35.5 Handling Complexity: The Coupling Issue 5S3
35.6 The Modular Harth Submodel System: Towards
a Comprehensive Harth System Model 5S5
35.7 The Modular Harth Submodel System: Atmospheric
Chemistry and Beyond 5S6
35.8 Harth System Models: Computational Challenges 588
References
36 Evaluating Climate-Chemi.stry Re.sponse and Mitigation
Options with AirClim 1
Volker Cirewe and Katrin Dahlmann
36.1 Introduction
36.2 Hrom an Emission to Global Warming 5^J3
36.2.1 Emi.ssions of Long-Lived Species:
Carbon Dioxide
36.2.2 Short-Term Air Traffic Impacts 595
36.3 The Concept of the Climate-Chemistry Response
Model AirClim
36.4 Verification of the AirClim Model 399
36.5 Evaluating Mitigation Options tor Air Traffic 601
( OfHrnl*.
s s
S's
s /
> / /
Contents
.Vi.6 Why l-Acn Lar^o Uncertainties in Atmospheric Processes
Are Ni>t Limiting Application of Climate Optimization
in Aiicratt Design?
36.7 An I sample for an Application of AirClim:
Optiini/ing Supersonic Business Jets 604
36.7 ! Basic Components o\' Climate Optimization
Systems for Aircraft Design 504
36.7 .: Optimized Aircraft Design 50^
36.S The I uture: Modeling Climate Response
to Tiaftlc Kmissions
References
Part III Research Trends
37 The Transition From FALCON to HALO Era
Airborne Atmospheric Research 5qq
Monika Krautstnink and Andreas Ciiez
37.1 Introduction
37.2 From National to International to Olobal Operation
37.3 Research Flight Operations
37.4 Preparation of HALO Science Missions ' '
37.5 Technical Features of FALCON and HALO
37.6 Major Aircraft Modifications
37.6.1 PALCON's major modifications:
37.6.2 HALO'S major modifications . .
38 The Eyjafjalla Eruption in 2010 and the Volcanic
Impact on Aviation
Bernadett Weinzierl, Thomas Sailer, Daniel Sauer, Andreas Minikin,
Oliver Reitebuch, Bernhard Mayer and Ulrich Schumann
38.1 Introduction
38.2 Disturbance of Air Traffic by Particle Emi.ssions 626
38.3 The Eyjafjalla Eruption in 2010 and Volcanic
Ash Measurements by DLR 599
38.4 Is There a Volcanic "Ash Cloud"? 539
38.5 Is it Possible to Visually Detect Volcanic Ash and Distinguish
it from Other Aero.sols? 534
38.6 How Often Were Dangerous Ash Concentrations Levels
Reached Over Germany Based on the Newly Accepted
Threshold Values for Safe Aviation? 638
38.7 The Eyjafjalla Eruption in 2010:
Was it an Unusual Event? 539
38.8 Conclusions ^41
References 542
^
609
612
614
615
619
619
619
619
39 MitiKatin^ the Impact of Adverse Weather on A\iation f>J>
Thomas Cicr/.. Caroline l*orsicr and ArnoUi l.dl rner
39.1 Weather Impaels the .Satet\. Idtieiene). .wui Susi.iitKihilii\
of Aviation
39.2 Weather and Air TralTie .Manaeement
39.3 Weather and Aircraft (v.js
39.4 Integrated Observing and l oreeasting .Svstem (>.Jo
39.5 l-nhaneing .Sitiiational .Awareness o| I hmulersiorms
for Might Crews on Hoani .Aireralt (>.}o
39.6 Inronning Air Navigation .SerMces and .Airport .Antlmiities
on 'I hunderstorms
39.7 Warning Aviation .Stakeholders ol Wmtei
Weather Conditions
39.8 Conclusion and Next .Steps
References oss
40 Prohahili.stic Weather Forecasting (,^,1
Cieorge C. Craig
40.1 Introduction 1
40.1 . 1 Improvements in Weather l-orecasting (,01
40.1 .2 Theoretical Limits: Chaos and Scale Interaction 6(i3
40.1 .3 Sources of Longer-Range Predictability ()04
40.2 Representing Uncertainty 0(,5
40.2.1 Laisemble P'orecasting
40.2.2 Sampling Sources of Uncertainty 000
40.2.3 Probabilistic Forecasts
40.3 Verification and Applications ^^70
40.3.1 What Makes a Good Probabilistic Forecast? 070
40.3.2 What Makes a Useful Probabilistic Forecast? 071
40.4 Concluding Remarks 072
References 073
41 Aircraft Kmi.s.sion.s at Cruise and Plume Processes 075
Christiane Voigt, Tina Jurkat, Hans Schlager, Dominik Schiiuble,
Andreas Pet/.old and Ulrich Schumann
41.1 Introduction 076
41.2 Aircraft Wake Dynamics and Dilution 078
41.3 Chemical Processing of Aircraft NO^ Emissions 680
41.4 Sulfur Emission, Conversion and Aero.sol Formation 682
41.5 Soot 684
41.6 Contrail Formation, Evolution and Detection 085
41.7 Moving Forward 687
References -. 689
t OnlrfiT*.
42 Cirrus Clouds and Their Representation in Models 693
rinkc Hurkh.irdi and Ingo Soldi
42.1 Physis s of Cirrus Clouds 593
42.2 Modding of Cimis: Bridging the Scale Gap
42..^ LBS Modeling of Cirrus Clouds at the Institute
of .•\iinospheric Physics
42.4 Cimis Modeling in Climate Models
42.5 (iloh.il Modeling of Contrail Cirrus at the Institute
t>f Annospheric Physics
42.6 Conclusions and Puture Directions
Reterences
43 Climute Impact of Transport 7jl
Robert Sauscn. Klaus Gierens. Veronika Eyring, Johannes Hendricks
and Mattia Righi
4.AI Introduction 7p
43.2 Transport Emissions 714
43.3 Impact on Atmospheric Ozone 715
43.4 Impact on Acro.sol 7j7
43.5 Impact on Clouds 719
43.6 Radiative Forcing and Other Metrics of Climate Change. . . . 720
43.7 Conclusions and a Perspective for the Future 723
References 774
44 Climate Optimized Air Transport 727
Sigrun Matthes, Ulrich Schumann, Volker Grewe,
Christine FTdmming. Katrin Dahlmann. Alexander Koch
and Hermann Mannstein
44.1 Introduction 72^
44.2 Climate Optimized Routing: Principles 729
44.3 Mitigation Options 73O
44.3.1 Minimizing CO2 Emissions 730
44.3.2 Minimizing Aviation NO^ Climate Impact 732
44.3.3 Minimizjng Aviation Water Vapor
Climate Impact 732
44.3.4 Minimizing Contrail Climate Impact 733
44.4 Mitigation Approaches 734
44.4.1 Climatological Approach for Air Transport
System Climate Optimization 735
44.4.2 Flight Route Optimization for Minimum Contrail
and Fuel Climate Impact (UFO and CoCiP) 737
44.4.3 Flight Route and Aircraft Design Optimization
tor Minimum Weather-Dependent Climate
Impact (REACT4C) 740
XXIV
44.4.4 Comparison
References
45 Recent and Future Fvniution of the Stratospheric
Ozone Layer
Martin Oameris and Die
45.1 inlroducfion '4'
45.2 The Chemistry of Straiosphcric O/onc "40
45..^ Stratospheric Circulation aiul O/one i rans|>ori
45.4 Recent Chan^'es in the .Ainounl of Stiatospheric O/onc ">4
45.5 f'uture O/one Developments and Conscijucnccs
45.6 Summary "5o
References "Ml
46 How (rood are Chemistry-Cliniate .Models? "f) ^
Veronika l:yrmg, Rierrc I rieillinystcm. lleitli lluntricser.
Theodore Cj, Shepherd ami Darryn \K'. VVau^h
46.1 Introduction 764
46.2 Key Processes in the Stratosphere 766
46.2.1 Transport 76t>
46.2.2 Dynamics 766
46.2..^ Radiation 767
46.2.4 Chemistry and Microphysics 767
46.3 Concept for Process-Oriented Model livaluation 767
46.4 Assessment of Chemistry-Climate Models 766
46.5 liarth System Model livaluation 772
46.6 The Role of Observations in Model Evaluation 774
46.7 Summary and Outlook 776
References 778
47 Methane Modeling: From Proces.s Modeling to (riohal
Climate Models 781
Andrea Stenke, Rudolf Deckert and Klaus-Dirk Gottschaldt
47.1 Introduction to Atmospheric Methane 781
47.2 Modeling: From Process-Oriented Models to Global
Climate Models 786
47.3 Global Modeling and Interpretation of Satellite Data 763
47.4 Outlook 765
References 765
48 Towards a Greenhouse Gas Lidar in Space 766
Gerhard Ehret, Axel Amediek and Mathieu Quatrevalet
48.1 Introduction 800
48.2 The Integral-Path Differential Absorption Lidar Principle . . . 801
Contents xxv
45.3 The 1 lelicopicr-Based Melhane Leak Detection
System C^Harm' 805
45.4 Cirouiid-Based IPDA Measurement of Atmospheric
C\irbun Dioxide 806
45.5 DLR s Airborne Lidar System tor Carbon Dioxide
and Methane Monitoring 808
48.6 Space-Borne Observation of Atmospheric Methane
b\ the MBRLIN Mission 809
48.7 Conclusimt 811
References 812
49 The Spaceborne Wind Iddar Mission ADM-Aeolus 815
Oliver Reitelnich
49.1 lmpi>rtance of Wind Observations and Aeolus
Mission Requirements 815
49.2 Aeolus Mission and ALADIN Instrument 819
49.3 Pre-launch Validation with an Airborne Demonstrator
by DLR 823
References 826
50 Cloud-Aerosol-Radiation Interaction: Towards the Earth
CARE Satellite Mission 829
Bernhard Mayer, Robert Buras. Gerhard Ehret, Martin Hagen,
Andreas Petzold and Bernadett Weinzierl
50.1 Introduction 830
50.2 Past and Future Airborne Campaigns 832
50.2.1 Airborne Demonstrators 832
50.2.2 Field Campaigns 834
50.2.3 Future Demonstration and Validation
with HALO 835
50.3 Fnd-to-Fnd Simulations 836
50.3.1 Models 837
50.3.2 MSI Simulations 837
50.3.3 ATLID Simulations 838
50.4 Po.st-FarthCARF Mission Development 839
References 841
51 Roots, Foundation, and Achievements of the
"Institut fiir Physik der Atmosphare" 843
Hans Volkert and Dania Achermann
51.1 Institutional Roots of Atmospheric Physics in Germany ....
51.2 Purpo.se and Tasks of an Aerological Observatory Called
"Institut fiir Physik der Atmo.sphiire" 845
51.3 Self-Determined Versus Programmatic Research Funding .
XXVI
51.4 l*'xpcrirncnlal ami SiimiialiDn .Achu'. ciiifiils ()\cr
Mvc Dccailcs sSn
51.4. 1 I he I'lrsl Dccaile ( ini > luhidoii ami .\h)se
to OherplaHenhnten
51.4.2 I he Seeoiul Deeaile I xpeiiineiil ami Simiilalion
CiimJed hv 'lu(» Diredois sSj
51.4.3 I he Ihird Dee.nle I-.\peilise lApaiuime
to Mieroseale ami (ilohal {•.\leiit ^
51.4.4 The l-oiirlh Decade l iiml.iiiieiital Kesearch
Closely I leil to Practic.d .Xpplicatums Ss I
51.4.5 I he I'ilth Decaile: idespreail Kecoeintioii
as Attractive Kesearch Partner ami P.mplover
51.5 Trends ami Outlook louanls 2t)22 S's"'
51.6 Conclmliny Remarks