Security Studies/ An Introduction Williams, Paul D.[ed.]

1 SECURITY STUDIES:
AN INTRODUCTION
Paul D. Williams
Wliat is security studies? A very
short overview
Defining a field of inquiry: four
fundamental questions
What is security? 5
Whose security? 7
What is a security issue? 8
How can security be achieved? 9
How to use this book
Part 1 Theoretical
approaches
2 REALISM
Colin Elman
Introduction
Classical realism
Neorealism: Waltz's Theory of
Internatioual Politics
Defensive structural realism
Offensive structural realism
Rise and fall realism
Neoclassical realism
Conclusion
3 LIBERALISM
Cornelia Navari
Introduction
Traditional or Kantian liberalism
Douce commerce
The democratic peace thesis
Neoliberal institutionalism
Conclusion
4 GAM.E THEORY
Prank C. Zagare
Introduction
Primitive concepts
Strategic-form games and Nash
equilibria
Extensive-form games, backwards
induction and subgame perfect
equilibria
Applications of game theor)' in
securit)' studies
Coda
5 CONSTRUCTIVISM
Matt McDonald
Introduction: constructivism and
security
Constructivism: central tenets
and shared assumptions
Securit}' as social construction:
identity and norms 61
Negotiation and contestation 64
Agents, structures and change 66
The Copenhagen School
Conclusion
6 PEACE STUDIES
Peter Lawler
Introduction: What is peace studies?
Peace studies: a brief history
Peace researcii as science 77
From peace research to peace
studies 79
Key concepts
Positive and negative peace 81
Structural violence 83
Cultural violence 85
The future of peace studies?
7 CRITICAL THEORY
Pinar Bilgin
Introduction: the need for a
critical perspective
Rethinking security
Critical theory
Theory/practice
The 'Welsh School' of critical
securit)' studies
Emancipation
Conclusion
8 FEMINIST PERSPECTIVES
Sandra Whirvvorth
Introduction
Feminist approaches in
international security
Women, gender and security -
the impacts of armed conflict
Women, gender and security —
action and activism
Women, gender and security —
talking and making weapons
and war
Conclusions
9 INTERNATIONAL POLITICAL
SOCIOLOGY
Didier Bigo
Introduction
Security studies within IR;
bordering and debordering what
security means
From security sectors to
(inlsecuritization, a constructivist
stance
Is (in)securitization only a speech
act enacting exception? The role
of routines and technologies
Conclusion
Part 2 Key concepts
10 UNCERTAINTY
Ken Binuh and Nicholas J. Whcclcr
Introduction
The house of uncertainty
The quintessential dilemma
Three logics
The securit)' dilemma in the
tsventj'-first centur)'
Towards a new agenda for security
studies
11 WAR
Paul D. Williams
Introduction
Three philosophies of war
Trends in armed conflicts since
1945
Who fights? Who dies? 161
Is the nature of warfare
changing?
The idea ol total war 163
The 'new wars' debate 165
The contemporary Western way
ol war 167
Conclusion
12 TERRORISM
Paul Rogers
Introduction
Terrorism in perspective
Definitions
State and sub-state terror
Responding to terrorism
The 9/11 response and the War
on Terror
Trends in terrorism
Terrorism and insurgency 182
Internationalism 182
Suicide terrorism 183
Speed of learning 183
Media developments 183
P.conomic targeting 183
Mass casualty attacks and weapons
of mass destruction 184
Conclusion
13 GENOCIDE AND MASS KILLING
Adam Jones
Introduction
Genocide: key cases
Challenges of intervention
Conclusion: the way forward -
and back
14 ETHNIC CONFLICT
Stuart J. Kaufman
Introduction
What is ethnic conflict?
An overview of ethnic conflicts
Causes of violent ethnic conflict
Sudan 208
Yugoslavia 209
International security dimensions
of ethnic conflicts
Resolution of ethnic civil wars
15 COERCION
Lawrence Freedman and
Srinath Raghavan
Introduction
Strategy
Deterrence and compellence
Designing coercive strategies
Punishment and denial
Types of costs
Multiple audiences
Reputations
Long-term impact
Conclusion
16 HUMAN SECURITY
Fen Osier Hampson
Introduction
Understanding the scope of human
security
Setting the boundaries of human
security
Ongoing debates and unresolved
issues
Human security risk assessment
Governance and human security
Towards a theorj' of human security
Conclusion
17 POVERTY
Caroline Thomas
Introduction
Is poverty an appropriate concern
for security studies?
Whose poverty? Whose security?
Placing human beings at the
centre of our concern
What do we know about the
poverty-security nexus?
What do we know about
poverty-violent conflict?
Effect of poverty on conflict 254
Effect of conflict on poverty 255
The diplomatic agenda on _
poverty and security
Conclusion
18 ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE
Simon Dalby
Introduction
Environmental security
Robert Kaplan's 'coming anarchy
Environmental threat: science?
Environmental threat: policy
options?
Ten years alter: the Pentagon
climate scenario
Human security and global
ecology
19 HEALTH
Colin Mclnnes
Introduction
Health as a security issue
The spread of infeccious disease
HIV/AIDS as a security issue
Biocerrorism
A not so perfect partnership?
Conclusion
Part 3 Institutions
20 ALLIANCES
John S. Duffieid with (Cynthia Michota
and Sara Ann Miller
Introduction: Why study alliances?
Definitions: What is an alliance?
Explanations of alliance persistence
and collapse
Theories of alliance formation 295
Alliance Institutionalizarion and
socialization 298
The case of NATO after the
Cold War
Background: NATO's origins and
evolution during the Cold War 300
The puzzle of NATO's post-Cold War
persistence 301
Explaining NATO's persistence 302
Conclusion: alliance theory and the
future of NATO
21 REGIONAL INSTITUTIONS
Louise Fawcett
Introduction
Organization of the chapter 310
Note on terms 311
The origins and development of
regional security institutions
Regional securit)' institutions in
the Cold War 313
Regional security institutions since
the Cold War 316
Contemporary challenges
Peace operations 319
The post-2001 security environment
Assessing the growth of regional
security institutions
22 THE UNITED NATIONS
T hoiiKis Ci. Weiss and
Danielle Zach Kalbacher
Introduction
The Securit)' Council
Coniposiiioa 327
I'nwers 329
The Securit)' Councils task
expansion
US hegemony
Increased access by actors other
than states
The General Assembly
The Secretariat
Other UN organs and actors
Twenty-first-century challenges
Changes in the nature of war and
UN responses 338
Terrorism 340
Disarmament and non-proliferation
Conclusion
Part 4 Contemporary
challenges
23 THE INTERNATIONAL ARMS TRADE
William D. Hartung
Introduction
Three channels for arms transfers
Arms sales talce-off: the 1970s
and 1980s
Post-Cold War dynamics
Post-9/11 arms exports
The trade in small arms and light
weapons
Dangers of dual use: the A.Q. Khan
network
Prospects for restraint
Conclusion
24 NUCLEAR PROLIFERATION
Waheguru Pal Singh Sidhu
Introduction
Three caveats
Non-proliferation regime
Three challenges
Three approaches
Way forward
25 COUNTERTERRORISM
I'aul R. Pillar
Introduction
Basic elements
Defence
Going on the offence
Law enforcement and military force
Issues and choices
26 COUNTERINSURGENCY
Joanna Spear
Introduction: the current discourse
on counterinsurgency
The state of the field
The problem that counterinsurgency
responds to - insurgency
'Hearts and minds'
The role of military force in
counterinsurgency
Learning on the ground
What difference does it make to
be doing counterinsurgency in
the media age?
Similarities to post-conflict peace
building
Conclusion
27 PEACE OPERATIONS
Michael Pugh
Introduction
Language and meaning
Surge, retraction, resurgence
Reforms
Brahimi's report 413
Guehenno's goals 415
Ban's plans 416
Standards 416
Hybrid operations 417
Public security gap 418
Conclusion: future prospects
THE RESPONSIBILITY TO PROTECT
AltxJ. Bellamy
Introduction
Sovereignty and responsibility:
from the American Revolution
to the ICISS report
R2P
Responsibility to prevent 427
Rcsponsibilit)' to react 429
Responsibility to rebuild 432
From ICISS to the World Summit
Turning ideas into actions?
Conclusion
PRIVATE SECURITY
Deborah D. Avanc
Introduction
Private security and the control
of force
A transnational market for
military and security services
The current market compared
Why the current market?
Conclusion
TRANSNATIONAL ORGANIZED
CRIME
John T. Picarelli
Introduction
Transnational criminal
organizations
The illicit political economy
The big three: drugs, people
and arms
The wide world of crime
Money laundering and corruption
The dark side of globalization
Transnational crime as a security
issue
InrernationaJ security
National security
Human security
Responses to transnational crime
Conclusion
31 POPULATION MOVEMENTS
Sita Bali
Introduction
Population movements as a
security issue
Population movements categorized
Population movements and
violent conflict
Population movements and foreign
policy
Population movements and internal
security
Conclusion
32 ENERGY SECURITY
Michael T. Klarc
Introduction
Understanding energy security
Why now?
Intimations of global petroleum
insufficiency
A shift in the centre of gravit)' of
world oil production
Oil facilities as a target of attack
Addressing energy (in)securir\'
Conclusion
33 WHAT FUTURE FOR SECURITY
STUDIES?
Stuart Croft
Introduction: context and scope
Locating security studies
Future directions in the subfield
Future directions in the
suhdiscipline
Security studies, porous boundaries,
and the struggle for coherence