Atmospheric Acoustic Remote Sensing/ Bradley, Stuart

What Is Atmospheric Acoustic Remote Sensing? Direct Measurements and Remote Measurements How Can Measurements Be Made Remotely? Passive and Active Remote Sensing Some History Why Use Acoustics? Direct Sound Propagation from a Source to a Receiver Acoustic Targets Creating Our Own Target Modern Acoustic Remote Sensing Applications Where to, from Here? The Atmosphere Near the Ground Temperature Profiles Near the Surface Wind Profiles Near the Surface Richardson Number The Prandtl Number The Structure of Turbulence Monin-Oboukhov Length Similarity Relationships Profiles of and Probability Distribution of Wind Speeds Sound in the Atmosphere Basics of Sound Waves Frequency Spectra Background and System Noise Reflection and Refraction Diffraction Doppler Shift Scattering Attenuation Sound Propagation Horizontally Sound Transmission and Reception Geometric Objective of SODAR Design Speakers, Horns, and Antennas Monostatic and Bistatic SODAR Systems Doppler Shift from Monostatic and Bistatic SODARs Beam Width Effects on Doppler Shift Continuous and Pulsed Systems Geometry of Scattering The Acoustic Radar Equation Acoustic Baffles Frequency-Dependent Form of the Acoustic Radar Equation Obtaining Wind Vectors Multiple Frequencies Pulse Coding Methods SODAR Systems and Signal Quality Transducer and Antenna Combinations SODAR Timing Basic Hardware Units Data Availability Loss of Signal in Noise Calibration SODAR Signal Analysis Signal Acquisition Detecting Signals in Noise Consistency Methods Turbulent Intensities Peak Detection Methods of AeroVironment and Metek Robust Estimation of Doppler Shift from SODAR Spectra Averaging to Improve SNR Spatial and Temporal Separation of Sampling Volumes Sources of Measurement Error A Model for SODAR Response to a Prescribed Atmosphere RASS Systems RADAR Fundamentals Reflection of RADAR Signals from Sound Waves Estimation of Measured Height Deduction of Temperature Wind Measurements Turbulent Measurements RASS Designs Antennas Limitations Applications Review of Selected Applications Environmental Research Boundary Layer Research Wind Power and Loading Complex Terrain Sound Speed Profiles Hazards Appendix 1: Mathematical Background Appendix 2: Sample Data Sets and Matlab Code Appendix 3: Available Systems Appendix 4: Acoustic Travel Time Tomography Appendix 5: Installation of a SODAR or RASS Index