An economic history of nineteenth-century Europe/ diversity and industrialization Ivan T. Berend

Introduction
Content and comparative method: pan-European
interconnections, major regional differences
Interrelated Europe: four distinctive paths towards modern
economic transformation
Debates and differences
/ The time-span
What kind of economic history?
Part I Gradual revolution
1 From merchant to industrial capitalism in Northwestern Europe
The global environment: Europe, the Islamic world, and China
Northwestern merchant capitalism and colonialism
New science and values
Demography, agriculture, and industry
The Industrial Revolution
Conclusion
Part II Successful industrial transformation of the West
2 Knowledge and the entrepreneurial state
The spread of the new Zeitgeist
Science into education
The entrepreneurial state, promoter of trade and industry
3 Agriculture, transportation, and communication
The agricultural revolution
The role of agriculture in modern economic transformation
Transportation: canals and roads
Railroads
Communication and postal service
4 The organization of business and finance
Three consecutive banking revolutions
The insurance industry
Business organization, joint-stock companies, and the stock
exchange
5 Three versions of successful industrialization
Long-surviving proto-industry
Fully industrialized Britain
British decline after 1870?
In the footsteps of Britain
Specialized agriculture combined with food processing'
The second Industrial Revolution
6 The miracle of knowledge and the state: Scandinavia
The economic situation in the periphery: Scandinavia until 1870
Modern society without a developed economy
Rapid modernization and industrialization
7 Demographic revolution, transformation of life, and standard
of living
Demographic revolution
The causes of the population explosion
Changing fiimily functions and female labor
Urbanization
The standard of living and the diet revolution
8 The Europeanization of Europe
Colonial Western Europe in the globalizing world
The European idea and national integration
Institutionalized economic integration and trade
The West as a source of finance: capital flow into Europe
Did a European business cycle exist?
Part III The peripheries: semi-success or failure of modern
transformation
9 The "sleeping" peripheries, traditional institutions, and values
Time stands still
The demonstration effect: the West as model
Population explosion and emigration
10 The Western sparks that ignite modernization
Capital inflow to the peripheries
The rise of strong, modern hanking systems
Building the modern transportation systems
Road and water transportation
Backward countries with developed railroads
11 Advantage from dependence: Central Europe, the Baltic area,
Finland, and Ireland
Imperial markets and agricultural modernization
The beginning of industrialization
12 Profiting from foreign interests: the Mediterranean and Russia
Foreign interest and agriculture
Growth of the traditional grain economy in Russia ^
The impact of the grain crisis from the 1870s
Advanced industrial pockets and predominant proto-industry
/
13 The predator Leviathan in peasant societies: the Balkans and
the borderlands of Austria-Hungary
Pre-modern agriculture - return to a grain economy
Lack of industrialization
Corruption and reluctant foreign investors
14 Epilogue: economic disparity and alternative postwar
economic regimes