Politics of the Middle East: cultures and conflicts / Michael G. Roskin, James J. Coyle

Includes bibliography and index.

Feature Boxes xiii
Preface xix
Part I Cultures 1
Chapter 1 Civilization and Its Cradle 1
The Lay of the Land 5
The Importance of the Spoken Word
Shared Cultural Characteristics 9
The Ancients and Their Conflicts 13
The European Empires 17
Conclusions 20
Key Terms 20
Further Reference 21
Chapter 2
The Birth of Islam 22
Muhammad 22
Muhammad’s Role 26
Birth of Shi’ism 27
The Choice of the Caliphs 28
The Umayyads 30
The Abbasids 32
The Abbasid Caliphate 32
Challenges to Orthodoxy 34
The End of the Arab Empire 35
The Fatimids 35
The Mamluks 35
Iranian Dynasties 38
Conclusions 39
Key Terms 40
Further Reference 40
Chapter 3
The Ottoman Empire 42
The Ottomans 42
The Janissaries 45
The Reign of Sulayman 46
Ottoman Succession 47
Economic Decline 48
The Sick Man of Europe 49
Military Reform 49
The Tanzimat 51
The Committee of Union and Progress 52
World War I 54
Conclusions 55
Key Terms 56
Further Reference 56
Part II Arab-Israeli Conflicts 57
Chapter 4
Origins of the Israel-Palestine War 57
Kingdoms and Conquests 58
The Long Diaspora 62
The Rise of Modem Zionism 64
The Rise of Arab Nationalism 67
The Impact of World War I 68
The Mandate 69
The First Arab-Jewish Clashes 71
Conclusions 76
Key Terms 77
Further Reference 77
Chapter 5
The Very Long War 79
The 1948 War 79
The Origin of Palestinian Refugees 85
The Rise of Nasser 88
The 1956 War 89
The Six Day War 91
The 1973 War 93 The Lebanon Incursion 97
Conclusions 100
Key Terms 101
Further Reference 101
Chapter 6 Is Peace Possible? 102
Sadat’s Incredible Journey 103
The Problem That Won’t Go Away 105
The Second Palestinian Intifada 112
Incompatible Demands 112
The West Bank 118 Jerusalem 120
Right to Return 121
The Downward Spiral 122
Conclusions 123
Key Terms 123
Further Reference 124
Part III The North 125
Chapter 7
Turkey 125
From Empire to Republic 125
Independence War 126
Independence Tribunals 129
The Free Party Experiment 130
Ismet Inonii 130
The Democratic Party 131
Military Suspicions 132
Democratic Rule 132
The 1961 Military Revolution 134
New Political Faces 135
The "Coup by Memorandum" 135
Return to Elections 135
The Third Coup 137
The Rise of Refah 138
Military Moves against Refah 140
The Justice and Development Party 142
Terrorism Returns 143
Conclusions 144
Key Terms 145
Further Reference 145
Chapter 8 The Kurds 146
Who Are the Kurds? 146
A History of Seeking a Nation 148
World War I and Its Aftermath 150
The Simko Rebellion 151
The Mahabad Republic 152
The Rise of Barzani 154
The Role of the United States 156
The Kurds in Iran’s Islamic Revolution 157
The Iran-Iraq War 158
The Kurdish Break with Iraq 159
The First Gulf War 159 The Rise of the PKK 161
The Capture of Ocalan 163
Conclusions 164
Key Terms 165
Further Reference 165
Part IV The Rise of the Oil Kingdoms 167
Chapter 9 Iran 167
The Safavids 167
The Qajars 169
Enter the West 170
The Constitutional Revolution of 1906 172
World War II 175
Shah Muhammad Reza 177
The Soviet Threat 178
Muhammad Mossadeq and Oil 179
Operation Ajax 180
Khomeini’s Opposition to the White Revolution 181
Conclusions 184
Key Terms 184
Further Reference 185
Chapter 10
Saudi Arabia 186
Muhammad ibn Saud 186
Round Two 187
Round Three 189
World War I 190
The Ikhwan 190
Saudi Arabia Enters the World Stage 194
Saudi-Egyptian Rivalry 194
Faisal’s Two Turns 196
The 1967 Arab-Israeli War 198
The 1973 Arab-Israeli War 199
Kingdom of Denial 200
Conclusions 202
Key Terms 203
Further Reference 203
Chapter 11
Iraq and Kuwait 204
Iraq 204
Post-Faisal Iraq 208
World War II 209
The Rise of the Baath 211
The June 1967 War 213
Kuwait 215
Kuwait’s British Connection 215
Mubarak 216
World War I and Kuwait 217
Conclusions 219
Key Terms 219
Further Reference 219
PartV Conflicts: The Gulf Wars * 221
Chapter 12
The Iranian Revolution and War with Iraq 221
The Pressure Cooker 221
The Beginning of the Revolution 222
Khomeini in Paris 223
The Last Imperial Government 223
The First Revolutionary Government 225
Iran’s Islamic Constitution 226
The Hostage Crisis 227
The Failed Hostage Rescue 228
Bani Sadr: The Last of the Liberals 228
The Iran-Iraq War 230
The American Tilt 231
U.S. Naval Involvement 231
Saddam Takes the Offensive 231
Constitutional Crisis 232
The Rafsanjani Years 234
The Urge to Reform 235
Reformists Blocked 236
The Iranian Nuclear Crisis 238
Conclusions 239
Key Terms 239
Further Reference 239
Chapter 13
The First Gulf War 241
The Weak American Response 242
The Invasion of Kuwait 245
Kuwaiti Lobbying 247
From Desert Shield to Desert Storm 247
Ground Attack 250
The Failed Rebellions 251
The War over Weapons of Mass Destruction 252
The Clinton Years 253
Conclusions 255
Key Terms 256
Further Reference 256
Chapter 14
The 2003 Iraq War and Aftermath 257
Covert War in Afghanistan 258
The Iraq War 262
The Quick War 265
From Tyranny to Anarchy 267
Iraq’s Kurds 271
The Shi’a Problem 273
The Future of Iraq 274
Conclusions 275
Key Terms 275
Further Reference 275
Part VI Islamic Wars? 277
Chapter 15
Middle Eastern Modernization and Democratization 277
Failure of Modernization? 277
Ready for Democracy? 282
The Rocky Iraqi Road 288
Can Saudi Arabia Democratize?
290 Can Egypt Democratize? 292
Conclusions 294
Key Terms 295
Further Reference 295
Chapter 16
Political Islam and Terrorism 297
Islamist Terrorism 302
A1 Qaeda 303
Terrorist Attacks 307
9/II 311
Lessons Learned 311
Conclusions 313
Key Terms 313
Further Reference 313
Chapter 17
The United States and the Middle East 315
U.S. Even-Handedness 316
The Nixon Tilt 317
What Role for America? 321
The Muslim World after the War 322
What Next for U.S. Policy? 323
Islamic Rage and U.S. Response 326
Conclusions 332
Key Terms 332
Further Reference 332