Tectonic geomorphology of mountains: a new approach to paleoseismology/ William B. Bull.

Includes bibliographical references (p. [275]-304) and index.

Preface. .
1 Scrunch and Stretch Bedrock Uplift
1.1 Introduction. 1
1.2 Pure Uplift, Stretch and Scrunch Bedrock Uplift. 3
1.2.1 Isostatic and Tectonic Uplift. .3
1.2.2 Stretch and Scrunch Tectonics. .9
1.3 Landscape Responses to Regional Uplift. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .21
2 Concepts for Studies of Rising Mountains
2.1 Themes and Topics. 27
2.2 The Fundamental Control of Base-Level. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .28
2.2.1 Base Level. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
2.2.2 Base-Level Change. 28
2.2.3 The Base Level of Erosion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .31
2.2.4 The Changing Level of the Sea. 33
2.2.5 Spatial Decay of the Effects of Local Base-Level Changes. 37
2.3 Threshold of Critical Power in Streams. 39
2.3.1 Relative Strengths of Stream Power and Resisting Power. 41
2.3.2 Threshold-Intersection Points. 42
2.4 Equilibrium in Streams. 42
2.4.1 Classification of Stream Terraces. 42
2.4.2 Feedback Mechanisms. 45
2.4.3 Dynamic and Static Equilibrium. 46
2.5 Time Lags of Response. 49
2.5.1 Responses to Pulses of Uplift. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .50
2.5.2 Perturbations that Limit Continuity of Fluvial Systems. . . . . . . .51
2.5.3 Lithologic and Climatic Controls of Relaxation Times. 54
2.5.4 Time Spans Needed to Erode Landforms. 57
2.6 Tectonically-Induced Downcutting. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .58
2.6.1 Straths, Stream-Gradient Indices, and Strath terraces. 58
2.6.2 Modulation of Stream-Terrace Formation by Climatic Changes. 65
2.7 Nontectonic Base-Level Fall and Strath Terrace Formation. 66
2.8 Hydraulic Coordinates. 69
3 Mountain Fronts
3.1 Introduction. 75
3.2 Tectonically Active Escarpments. 79
3.2.1 Faceted Spur Ridges. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .79
3.2.2 Mountain-Piedmont Junctions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .83
3.2.3 Piedmont Forelands. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .86
3.3 Fault Segmentation of Mountain Fronts. 97 3.3.1 Different Ways to Study Active Faults. 97
3.3.2 Segmentation Concepts and Classification. 104
3.3.3 Fault-Segment Boundaries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
3.3.4 Normal Fault Surface Ruptures. .107
3.3.5 Strike-Slip Fault Surface Ruptures. .114
3.4 Summary . .116
4 Tectonic Activity Classes of Mountain Fronts
4.1 Tectonic Setting of the North America-Pacific Plate Boundary. . 117
4.2 Appraisal of Regional Mountain Front Tectonic Activity . 119
4.2.1 Geomorphic Tools For Describing Relative Uplift Rates. 119
4.2.1.1 Mountain-Front Sinuosity. .122
4.2.1.2 Widths of Valleys. .124
4.2.1.3 Triangular Facets. 127
4.2.2 Diagnostic Landscape Classes of Relative Tectonic Activity. .128
4.2.3 Regional Assessments of Relative Tectonic Activity. 141
4.2.3.1 Response Time Complications and Strike-Slip Faulting. .141
4.2.3.2 Maps of Relative Uplift. .145
4.3 Summary. 164
5 Fault Scarps
5.1 General Features. .165
5.2 Scarp Morphology Changes with Time. .172
5.2.1 Changes in Scarp Height. .173
5.2.2 Decreases in Maximum Scarp Slope. .174
5.2.3 Diffusion-Equation Modeling. .175
5.3 Climatic Controls of Fault-Scarp Morphology. 181
5.4 Lithologic Controls of Fault-Scarp Morphology. 184
5.4.1 Fault Rupture of Different Materials. 185
5.4.2 Lithologic Controls on an 1887 Fault Scarp. .187
5.4.2.1 Geomorphic Processes . 190
5.4.2.2 Scarp Materials . .193
5.4.2.3 Scarp Morphology 194
5.5 Laser Swath Digital Elevation Models. 196
5.6 Dating Fault Scarps with Terrestrial Cosmogenic Nuclides . 201
5.6.1 Alluvium. .201
5.6.2 Bedrock. 204
5.7 Summary. 207
6 Analyses of Prehistoric Seismic Shaking
6.1 Paleoseismology Goals. 209
6.2 Earthquake-Generated Regional Rockfall Events. 212
6.2.1 New Zealand Earthquakes. 212
6.2.1.1 Tectonic Setting. .212
6.2.1.2 Background and Procedures. 215
6.2.1.3 Diagnostic Lichen-Size Peaks. .225
6.2.1.3 Tree-Ring Analyses. .227
6.2.1.5 Alpine Fault Earthquakes. .241
6.2.1.6 Recent Marlborough earthquakes . .246
6.2.2 California Earthquakes. .255
6.2.2.1 Calibration of Lichen Growth Rates. 256
6.2.2.2 Recent Cliff Collapse . 258
6.2.2.3 Rockfall Processes in Glaciated Valleys . .262
6.2.2.4 San Andreas Fault Earthquakes. .265
6.2.2.5 Lichenometry and Precise Radiocarbon Dating Methods. 270
6.3 Summary. 273
References Cited. 275