Data Communications and Networking Behrouz A.Forouzan

1.1 The Problem Domain
1.1.1 Industrial Strength Software
1.1.2 Software is Expensive
1.1.3 Late and Unreliable .
1.1.4 Maintenance and Rework
1.2 The Software Engineering Challenges
1.2.1 Scale .
1.2.2 Quality and Productivity
1.2.3 Consistency and Repeatability
1.2.4 Change
1.3 The Software Engineering Approach
1.3.1 Phased Development Process
1.3.2 Managing the Process
1.4 Summary
Exercises
Software Processes
2.1 Software Process
2.1.1 Processes and Process Models
2.1.2 Component Software Processes .
2.1.3 ETVX Approach for Process Specification
2.2 , Desired Characteristics of Software Process . . .
2.2.1 Predictability
2.2.2 Support Testability and Maintainability .
2.2.3 Support Change . . .
2.2.4 Early Defect Removal
2.5.5 Process Improvement and Feedback
2.3 Software Development Process Models .
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2.3.1 Waterfall Model ... .
2.3.2 Prototyping ...... .
2.3.3 Iterative Development .
2.3.4 Timeboxing Model . .
2.3.5 Comparision of Models
2.4 Other Software Processes . .
2.4.1 Project Management Process
2.4.2 The Inspection Process . . .
2.4.3 Software Configuration Management Process
2.4.4 Requirements Change Management Process .
2.4.5 Process Management Process
2.5 Smnmary
Exercises
Software Requirements Analysis and Specification
3.1 Software Requirements . . .
3.1.1 Need for SRS . . . .
3.1.2 Requirement Process
3.2 Problem Analysis
3.2.1 Informal Approach .
3.2.2 Data Flow Modeling
3.2.3 Object-Oriented Modeling
3.2.4 Prototyping
3.3 Requirements Specification . . .
3.3.1 Characteristics of an SRS
3.3.2 Components of an SRS .
3.3.3 Specification Language . .
3.3.4 Structure of a Requirements Document
3.4 Functional Specification with Use Cases
3.4.1 Basics . .. .
3.4.2 Examples . .
3.4.3 Extensions
3.4.4 Developing Use Cases
3.5 Validation .
3.6 Metrics . .
3.6.1 Size—Function Points
3.6.2 Quality Metrics .. ..
3.7 Summary . .
Exercises . •
Case Studies
Software Architecture
4.1 Role of Software Architecture
4.2 Architecture Views
4.3 Component and Connector View
4.3.1 Components .
4.3.2 Connectors
4.3.3 An Example
4.4 Architecture Styles for C&C View
4.4.1 Pipe and Filter
4.4.2 Shared-Data Style-
4.4.3 Client-Server Style . ,
4.4.4 Some Other Styles
4.5 Discussion
4.5.1 Architecture and Design
4.5.2 Preserving the Integrity of an Architecture
4.5.3 Deployment View and Performance Analysis
4.5.4 Documenting Architecture Design
4.6 Evaluating Architectures
4.6.1 The ATAM Analysis Method
4.6.2 An Example
4.7 Sununary
Exercises .
Case Studies
Planning a Software Project
5.1 Process Planning .
5.2 Effort Estimation
5.2.1 Uncertainties in EflFort Estimation
5.2.2 Building Effort Estimation Models
5.2.3 A Bottom-Up Estimation Approach
5.2.4 COCOMO Model
5.3 Project Scheduling and Staffing
5.3.1 Overall Scheduling
5.3.2 Detailed Scheduling .
5.3.3 An Example
5.3.4 Team Structure
5.4 Software Configuration Management Plan
5.5 Quality Plan
5.5.1 Defect Injection and Removal Cycle
5.5.2 Approaches to Quality Management . . .
5.5.3 Quality Plan . .
CONTEIS
5.6
5.7
5.8
Risk Management
5.6.1 Risk Management Concepts
5.6.2 Risk Assessment
5.6.3 Risk Control
5.6.4 A Practical Risk Management Approach
Project Monitoring Plan
5.7.1 Measurements
5.7.2 Project Monitoring and Tracking . . . .
Summary
Exercises .
Case Studies ...
Function-Oriented Design
6.1 Design Principles . . . .
6.1.1 Problem Partitioning and Hierarchy
6.1.2 Abstraction . .
6.2
6.3
6.4
6.5
6.6
6.1.3 Modularity
6 1.4 Top-Down and Bottom-Up Strategies
Module-Level Concepts
6.2.1 Coupling
6.2.2 Cohesion
Design Notation and Specification . . . . ." i i " 6.3.1 Structure Charts
6.3.2 Specification
Structured Design Methodology . . . . i
6.4.1 Rotate the Problem as a Data Flow Diagram
KFirrssttf -Lev el Factoring Output
Branches
^ansaction Analysis
Discussion .
Verification
Metrics . . ,
6.6.1 Network Metrics
6.4.2
6.4.3
6.4.4
6.4.5
6.4.6
6.4.7
Data El
6
ements
6.7
.6.2 Stability Metrics
6.6.3 Infomration Flow Metrics
Summary
Exercises
Case Studies
Object-Oriented Design
7.1 00 Analysis and 00 Design . . .
7.2 00 Concepts
7.2.1 Classes and Objects . ...
7.2.2 Relationships Among Objects .
7.2.3 Inheritance and Polymorphism
7.3 Design Concepts
7.3.1 CoupUng
7.3.2 Cohesion
7.3.3 The Open-Closed Principle . .
7.3.4 Some Design Guidelines . ...
7.4 Unified Modeling Language (UML) . .
7.4.1 Class Diagram •.
7.4.2 Sequence and Collaboration Diagrams
7.4.3 Other Diagrams and Capabilities . . .
7.5 A Design Methodology
7.5.1 Dynamic Modeling
7.5.2 Functional Modeling
7.5.3 Defining Internal Classes and Operations
7.5.4 Optimize and Package .
7.5.5 Examples
7.6 Metrics . ...
7.7 Summary . . .
Exercises . . .
Case Studies .
8 Detailed Design
8.1 Detailed Design and PDL ...
8.1.1 PDL
8.1.2 Logic/Algorithm Design .
8.1.3 State Modeling of Classes
8.2 Verification .
8.2.1 Design Walkthroughs .
8.2.2 Critical Design Review .
,8.2.3 Consistency Checkers .
8.3 Metrics
8.3.1 Cyclomatic Complexity
8.3.2 Data Bindings .....
8.3.3 Cohesion Metric ....
8.4 Summary
Exercises
9 Co4ing
9.1 Programming Principles and Guidelines
9.1.1 Common Coding Errors ....
9.1.2 Structured Programming . .
9.1.3 Information Hiding
9.1.4 Some Prograpiming Practices .
9.1.5 Coding Standards .
9.2 Coding Process
9.2.1 An Incremental Coding Process
9.2.2 Test Driven Development . . .
9.2.3 Pair Programming
9.2.4 Source Code Control and Build
9.3 Refactoring
9.3.1 Basic Concepts
9.3.2 An example
9.3.3 Bad Smells ........ .. ..
9.3.4 Common Refactorings
9.4 Verification
9.4.1 Code Inspections ,
9.4.2 Static Analysis
9.4.3 PrpVing Correctness ......
9.4.4 Unit Testing
9.4.5 Combining Different Techniques
9.5 Metrics
9.5.1 Size Measures
9.5.2 - Complexity Metrics
9.6 Summary
Exercises . . .
Case Studies
10 Testing
10.1 Testing Fundamentals
10.1.1 Error, Fault, and Failure . . . .
10.1.2 Test Oracles . . . .
10.1.3 Test Cases and Test Criteria .
10.1.4 Psychology of Testing . . . . .
10.2 Black-Box Testing
10.2.1 Eqtiivalence Class Partitioning
10.2.2 Boundary Value Analysis . . .
10.2.3 Cause-Effect Graphing
10.2.4 Pair-wise Testing . . . . . ...
10.2.5 Special Cases
10.2.6 State-Based Testing
10.3 White-Box Testing
10.3.1 Control Flow-Based Criteria
10.3.2 Data Flow-Based Testing
10.3.3 An Example
10.3.4 Mutation Testing
10.3.5 Test Case Generation and Tool Support
10.4 Testing Process
10.4.1 Levels of Testing
10.4.2 Test Plan
10.4.3 Test Case Specifications . . . ,
10.4.4 Test Case Execution and Analysis . . .
10.4.5 Defect Logging and Tracking
10.5 Defect Analysis and Prevention
10.5.1 Pareto Analysis
10.5.2 Perform Causal Analysis
10.5.3 Develop and Implement Solutions . . . .
10.6 Metrics—Reliability Estimation
10.6.1 Basic Concepts and Definitions n
10.6.2 A Reliability Model
10.6.3 Failure Data and Parameter Estimation
10.6.4 TVanslating to Calendar Time
10.6.5 An Example
10.7 Summary
Exercises _
Case Studies