Quality control of herbal drugs : an approach to evaluate of botanicals / Pulok K. Mukherjee

1 ALTERNATIVE SYSTEMS OF MEDICINE -- 1.1 Historical Overview of Indian System of Medicine -- 1.2 Ayurveda-The Ancient Traditional Medicine -- 1.3 Siddha System of Medicine -- 1.4 Unani System of Medicine -- 1.5 Homeopathic Remedies -- 1.6 Tibetan System -- 1.7 Natural Products from Modern Medicine -- 1.8 Quality Control in Traditional Systems of Medicine -- 1.9 Limitations of Traditional Experience -- 1.10 Role of Traditional System of Medicine in Primary Health Care -- 1.11 World Situation on Traditional Medicine -- 1.12 Traditional Chinese Herbal Medicine and it's Evaluation -- 1.13 Development of Traditional System of Medicine in India -- 1.14 Prospects of Traditional Medicine -- 1.15 References

2 HERBAL REMEDIES - TOXICITY AND REGULATIONS
2.1 Importance of Herbal Therapies -- 2.2 Herbals versus Conventional Drugs -- 2.3 Efficacy of Herbal Medicinal Products -- 2.4 Validation of Herbal Therapies -- 2.5 Safety in Herbal Drugs -- 2.6 Toxicity in Herbals and Their Interactions -- 2.7 Adverse Reactions and Safety in Herbal Medicine -- 2.8 General Concepts of Evaluation and Quality Control -- 2.9 Pharmacodynamic and Pharmacokinetic Issues -- 2.10 Assessment by Drug Regulators -- 2.11 Herbal Drug Regulations in India -- 2.12 Basic and Applied Research -- 2. 13 Bioassay-Guided Separation and Structural Characterization -- 2.14 References

3 ETHNOBOTANY AND ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY
3.1 Ethnobotany in Herbal Drug Evaluation -- 3.2 Impact of Ethnobotany in Traditional Medicine -- 3.3 The Extent of Plant Kingdom in Medicine 3.4
-- Ethnopharmacology in Drug Evaluation -- 3.5 New Developments in Herbals
-- 3.6 Biological Diversity - Role in Herbal Drug Development -- 3.7 Drug Discovery from Natural Products -- 3.8 Issues in Medicinal Plant Research -- 3.9 References

PART II - QUALITY CONTROL TECHNIQUES
4 ADULTERATION AND DETERIORATION
4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Types of Adulteration or Substitution of Herbal Drugs -- 4.3 Causes and Measures for Adulterations -- 4.4 Deterioration of Herbal Drugs -- 4.5 Control Measures for Deterioration -- 4.6 References

5 FACTORS AFFECTING HERB QUALITY
5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Quality Standards of Herbal Products -- 5.3 Factors Relating To Quality of Herbal Drugs -- 5.4 Ecological Factors -- 5.5 Quality Assurance of Herbal Drugs

6 SAMPLING PROCEDURES
6.1 Sampling Procedures -- 6.2 Determination of Foreign Matter

7 MORPHOLOGICAL EXAMINATIONS
7.1 Organoleptic Evaluation -- 7.2 Macromorphological Evaluation -- 7.3 Cytomorphological Evaluation of Herbal Drugs


8. MICROSCOPICAL EVALUATION
8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Instruments for Microscopical Study -- 8.3 Evaluation of Crude Drugs by Microscope -- 8.4 Microscopical Methods -- 8.5 Quantitative Analytical Microscopy

9 DEVELOPMENT OF STANDARDIZATION PARAMETERS "m
9.1 General Information -- 9.2 Determination of Solvent Extractive Values -- 9.3 Determination Ash Values -- 9.4 Determination of Total Solids -- 9.5 Determination of Crude Fibre -- 9.6 Determination of Moisture Content -- 9.7 Determination of Essential Oils in. Crude Drugs -- 9.8 Microbial Infestation and its Determination -- 9.9 Determination of Bitterness Value -- 9.10 Determination of Hemolytic Activity -- 9.11 Determination of Swelling Index -- 9.12 Determination of Foaming Index -- 9.13 Determination of Tannins -- 9.14 Determination of Arsenic and Heavy Metals -- 9.15 Pesticides

10 PHYTOCONSTITUENTS AND THEIR ANALYSIS
10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Importance of Phytoconstituents in Therapy -- 10.3 Qualitative Analysis of Crude Drug Extracts and Isolates -- 10.4 Alkaloids and Their Analysis -- 10.5 Volatile Oils, Spices and their Analysis -- 10.6 Fixed Oils Fats and Waxes -- 10.7 Phenylpropanoids and their Analysis -- 10.8 Flavonoids -- 10.9 Resins and Resinous Plant Drugs and their Analysis -- 10.10 Tannins and their Analysis -- 10.11 Terpenoids and their Analysis -- 10.12 Glycosidal Components and their Analysis -- 10.13 Fluorescent Substances and their Analytical Parameters -- 10.14 Colouring Matters and their Analysis -- 10.15 Proteinaceous Components and their Analysis -- 10.16 Steroids -- 10.17 Carbohydrates and their Analysis

11 EXTRACTION OF HERBAL DRUGS
11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Basic Principles and Rationale -- 11.3 Pre Extraction Operations for Crude Drugs -- 11.4 Effect of Solvent, Solvent Mixtures and Solution on Extraction -- 11.5 Characteristics of Phytoconstituents -- 11.6 Procedures for Extraction of Herbal Drugs -- 11.7 Interfering Compounds In Extraction of Desired Phytoconstituents -- 11.8 Extraction Methods for Specific Phytochemical Groups -- 11.9 Treatment of Drug Residue after Extraction -- 11.10 References

12 THIN LAYER CHROMATOGRAPHY
12.1 Introduction --12.2 Basic Principles of TLC -- 12.3 Mechanisms for the Separation of Phytoconstituents -- 12.4 Adsorbents for Quantitative Thin-Layer Chromatography -- 12.5 Preparation of the Layers -- 12.6 Preparation and Application of Samples -- 12.7 Determination of Suitable Separation Conditions -- 12.8 Development of Chromatogram -- 12.9 Detection of Herbal Drugs and Extracts by TLC -- 12.10 Evaluation of the TLC Plates -- 12.11 TLC Bioautography -- 12.12 Quantitative Thin Layer Chromatography -- 12.13 Assay of Steroids in Phyto-Formulations -- 12.14 Assay of Alkaloids -- 12.15 Analytical Procedures for Some Bioactive Materials -- 12.16 References

13 HIGH PERFORMANCE THIN LAYER CHROMATOGRAPHY
13.1 HPTLC and Its Advantages -- 13.2 Requirements for HPTLC Standardization -- 13.3 Theory and Instrumentation of HPTLC -- 13.4 Theoretical Considerations for Quantitative Analysis -- 13.5 Specual techniques in-situ Quantitative Evaluation -- 13.6 Quantitative HPTLC for Pharmaceutical Applications -- TLC-Densitometry in the Standardization of Medicinal plant Extract

PART III - BIOLOGICAL SCREENING
14 PHARMACOLOGICAL SCREENING OF HERBAL DRUGS
14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 Need For Phyto-Pharmacological Evaluation -- 14.3 Hippocratic Screening for Evaluation of Natural Products -- 14.4 New Strategies for Evaluating Natural Products -- 14.5 Evaluation of Antidiabetic Agents -- 14.6 Evaluation of Hepatoprotective Agents -- 14.7 Evaluation of Liver Carcinogenesis -- 14.8 Evaluation of Diuretic Agents -- 14.9 Evaluation of Antidiarrhoeal Agents -- 14.10 Evaluation of Uterine Tonic Agents -- 14.11 Evaluation of Anti Ulcers Agents -- 14.12 Evaluation of Hypolipidemics Agents -- 14.13 Evaluation of Wound Healing Agents -- 14.14 Evaluation of Anti-Tussive Agents -- 14.15 Evaluation of Cardiovascular Agents -- 14.16 Evaluation of Anti-inflammatory Agents -- 14.17 Evaluation of Analgesic/Antinociceptive Agents -- 14.18 Evaluation of Antipyretic Agents -- 14.19 Evaluation of Repellant and Anti-feedant -- 14.20 Evaluation of Antioxidant Agents -- 14.21 Evaluation of Enzyme Activators and Inhibitor Agents -- 14.22 Evaluation of Myorelaxant and Antispasmodic Agents -- 14.23 Evaluation of CNS Agents -- 14.24 Evaluation of Natural Products Active on Brain -- 14.25 Evaluation of Antifertility Agents -- 14.26 Evaluation of Tyrosinase Inhibitory Agents -- 14.27 References

15. ANTIMICROBIAL AND PARASITICIDAL SCREENING OF HERBAL DRUGS
15.1 Introduction -- 15.2 Preparation of Plant Samples for Antimicrobial Screening -- 15.3 General Methods for Antimicrobial Screening -- 15.4 Some Phyto-constituents with Antimicrobial Activity -- 15.5 Antibacterial Screening Method -- 15.6 Assay For Phytopharmaceuticals Having Antifungal Activity -- 15.7 Screening For Anti-micobacterlal Activity -- 15.8 Molluscicidal and Piscicidal Activity Evaluation -- 15.9 Evaluation of Antigiardial Effect -- 15.10 Assay For Antimalarial Activity -- 15.11 Assays For Amoebicidal Activity -- 15.12 References

16 SCREENING FOR ANTIVIRAL ACTIVITY
16.1 Introduction -- 16.2 Phytoconstituents with Antiviral Potentials -- 16.3 General Concepts of Evaluation -- 16.4 Factors Influencing Evaluation -- 16.5 Requirements for Host Cells, Organisms and Culture Media -- 16.6 General Screening Procedures for Antiviral Testing -- 16.7 Evaluation of Cytotoxicity -- 16.8 Antiviral Screening Models -- 16.9 Evaluation of Anti-influenza Activity -- 16.10 Preparation of Different Reagents for Antiviral Study -- 16.11 References

PART IV - LEGAL ASPECTS
17 GOOD AGRICULTURAL AND HARVESTING PRACTICES
17.1 Introduction -- 17.2 Good Harvesting Practices -- 17.3 Good Agricultural Practices -- 17.4 Documentation Required

18 QUALITY ASSURANCE AND STABILITY TESTING OF HERBAL DRUGS
18.1 Indicative Substances for Quality Assurance -- 18.2 GMP and HACCP in Traditional Systems of Medicine -- 18.3 Physical Quality Assurance -- 18.4 Quality Assurance by Cultivation and Breeding -- 18.5 Stabilization and Stability -- 18.6 Methods of Stabilization -- 18.7 Validation of Analytical Procedures -- 18.8 References

19 ANALYTICAL PROFILE of SELECTED MEDICINAL PLANTS
19.1 Introduction
19.2 General Guidelines
19.3 Preparation of Spray Reagents
19.4 Analytical Profiles
Acorus calamus
Adhatoda vasica
Aegle marmelos
Andrographis paniculata
Bacopa monnieri
Berberis aristata
Boswellia serrata
Cassia tora
Centella asiatica
Coleus forskohlii
Commiphora mukul
Curcuma longs
Emblica officinalis
Gardenia gummifera
Gloriosa superba
Glycyrrhiza glabra
Mallotus philippinensis
Mangifera indica
Peganum harmala
Phyllanthus amarus
Piper longum
Piper nigrum
Psoralea corylifolia
Withania somnifera
Zingiber officinale