The Oxford international encyclopedia of peace/ edited by Nigel J. Young

VOLUME 3

M
Mead, Margaret
Meanings, Metaphors, and Myths of Peace
Mediation, Formal
Mediation, Psychological Aspects of
Medical Peace Movements
Meditation and Inner Peace
Mediterranean World
Mennonites
Mercy Corps
Mexico, Radical Movements and Chiapas of
Middle East, Peace Efforts in
Milgram Experiment
Militarism in History
Militarization in Education
Militarization of Space
Military Expenditures
Military-Industrial Complex
Military Observers of Peace Settlements
Missile Defense Issues
Mobilization for War, Theories w
Modeling Social Conflict
Mormon Ethics and Peace
Mott, Lucretia
Movement for a New Society
Movements to Abolish War
Movements to Stop Particular ir's
Multi-tr'ack Diplomacy
Background
Institutions
Museums for Peace
Music
Muste, Abraham John
Mutiny and Orfi'anized Kesistancc in Armed I'orces
Mutual Assured Destnietion


N
Narayan, J. P.
Nation-States. Causes of Coiifliet in
Native American Cultures and Traditions of Peace
Neg^otiation
Getting to Yes
Multilateral Negotiation
Problem Solving
Neoliberal (dobalizalion
Neutralism and Nonalij,mment
News Media and Peace Issues
New Zealand, Peace Movements in
Nicholson, Michael
Niebuhr, Keinhold
Nobel, Alfred
Nobel Peace Prize
History
Controversies
Nobel Peace Prize I^iureates
Nobel Peace Prize I^iureates, Apix-al of
No-First-Use Nuclear Policies
Nongovernmental Organizations
Types
Conflict Situations
International and Transnational NGOs
Nonkilling, A New Paradigm of
Nonlethal Weapons
Nonviolence, PTminist Views of
Nonviolence, Theory and Practice of
Nonviolent Action
Methods
Strategies
Typologies
Nonviolent Action as Active Resistance
Nonviolent Revolution
Nordic Peace Research
North Atlantic Treaty Organization
Northern Europe, Idea of Peace in
Northern Ireland
Nonviolence
Cross-Community Relations
Peace Process
Peace Movements
Peaceful Reconciliation and Enduring Accommodations
Agreement Reached 10 April 1998
Northern Ireland, Civil Rights Association of
Northern Ireland, Peace People of
North-South Conflict
Nuclear Controversies in the United States
Nuclear Disarmament, International Campaigns for
Nuclear Disarmament in I'jiro])e, PMb-^OOO
Nuclear-free and Indei)endenl Pacific Movenumt
Nuclear Freeze
•Nuclear .Nonproliferation
Nucl(>ar Policies and Security
.Nuclear Proliferation Programs: Iran and North Korea
.Nucleai Test Ban
Nuclear Tests in the Pacific
.Nuclear Weapon-free Zones
An Ovcwicu'
European Activity
.Nuclear Weapons, Threats of
Nureml)erg Princii)Ies


O
Ombudsman
Open Space 'I\'chnolog>-
Ol)penheimer and the .'\tomic Bomb
Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe
Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons
Organization in Peace Movements
(irganizations. Regional
Organizations, Rist' of International
Ossietzky, Carl von
Oxfam International


P
Paccm in Tcrris
Pacifism, Critical
Pacifism and Peace Meanings
Pacifism before 1901
Pacifism in the Peace Movement
Pacifism versus Pacificism
Pacifist Peace 'Traditions
Pacifists in the 'Third Reich
Pacts, 'Treaties, and Agreements to End Specific \^'ars
Patriarchy and War
Pauling, Linus
Pax Americana
Pax Christi International
Pax Romana
Peace, Negative and Positive
Peace Ballot and 19.'T)s Referendum
Peace Brigades International
Peacebuilding
An Overview
Theoretical and Historical Analyses
Mapping Actors of Peacebuilding
Peace Constitutions
Peace Corps
Peaceful Coexistence
Peaceful Relationships
Peaceful Societies
Peace Institutes, (Ilohal
Peacekeeping
Theoretical and Historical Analyses
Institutions
Practice and Methods
Integrated Missions and Humanitarian Role
International Peacekeeping
Unintended Consequences
Peacemaking
Theoretical and Historical Analyses
Methods
Peace Missions, International
Peace Monuments
Peace Movements
Origins and Definitions
Peace Movements as Mass Social Movements
State-Sponsored Peace Movements
Typologies
Peace Movements between the World Wars,
1918-1959
Peace News
Peace Now
Peace Palace, The Hague
Peace Parks
Peace Research
History
Beginnings
1990 to Present
Focus of Peace Research on State
Journals
Institutions
Peace Science and the Peace Science Society
Peace Settlement
Negotiation
Implementation
Spoilers
Peace Studies
Beginning and Development
Textbooks
University Departments and Programs
Peace Studies Association
Peace Symbol
Peace Symbols, History of
Peace through Health
Peace Training
An Overview
Assessing Success in Peacemaking
Penn, William
People-to-People Diplomacy
Philosophy
Classical Philosophy
Contemporary Philosophy
Photography
Physicians for Social Responsibility
Plans and Proposals for Peace (1815-1918)
Plowshares Network
Political Science and Peace Focus
Postcolonialism and Peace
Postcolonial Theater and Performance
Posters and Placards
Postmodern Approaches to Peace
Post-realism and Peace in World Politics
Post-September 11 Conflicts
Post-traumatic Stress in Peacebuilding
Poverty and Conflict
Power in Nonviolence Theory
Preemptive Wars
Prehistory, Aixdiaeological Evidence of War in
Priestley, J. B.
Prisoners of Conscience
Prizes
Problem-solving Workshops
Professional Movements Against Nuclear
Weapons
Propaganda for Peace
Propaganda for War
Prophetic Minorities
Psychoanalysis and Peacemaking
Psychology
Psychology of Nonviolent Action
Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs


Q
Quaker Peace Testimony
Quebec Separatist Conflict


R
Race and Conflict
Rapoport, Anatol
Rebuilding
Reconciliation
Recovery after Mass Crimes
Reframing and Restiaicturing Conflicts
Religion and Peace
Religious and Ethnic Divisions: Role of Peacemaking
Religious Peace Doctrines, Comparative
Repatriation, Refugees
Resistance to Nazi Rule
Resources and Economic Conversion
Restorative Justice
Richardson, Lewis Fiy
Rdling, Bert
Rolland, Romain
Rotary International
Rotblat, Joseph
Royden, Maude, and the Peace Army
Russell, Bertrand
Russell-Einstein Manifesto
Russia and Peace, History of
Rustin, Bayard
Rwanda







VOLUME 4

S
Safe Space
Saint-Pierre, Abbe de
Sakharov, Andrei
Sanctions, Economic
Sanctions, Positive
Sanctuary Movement
Satyagraha
Save the Children
Schweitzer, Albert
Schwimmer, Rosika
Science and Peace
Secessionist War
Security, International
Security and Development
SeiTnon on the Mount
Servas International
Service Civil International
Seville Statement on Violence
Sexuality and Peace
Shanti Sena
Sherif Summer Camp Study
Small Arms
Smoker, Paul
Social Injustice and Moral Exclusion
Socialist Approaches to War and Peace
Socialist Internationalism and Peace Movements
Social-Psychological Approaches to Peace
Social Sciences
Society of Friends (Quakers)
Solidarity, Poland
Sorokin, Pitirim
South Africa
Anti-apartheid Struggles
Ending Apartheid
Policies of Reconciliation
Southeast Asia, Nonviolence Movements in
Spinoza's Ideas on War and Peace
Sports, Peace, and War
Sri Lanka, Attempts to End Civil War in
Stable Peace
State Formation and War
State Policy and the Influence of Peace Movements
States, Governments, and Peace Research
State Terror and Peace Witness
Stockholm International Peace Research Institute
Storytelling and Peace
Strategic Bombing
Before 1945
After 1945
Critiques
Strategic Nuclear Weapons, Limiting
Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee
Stuttgart Resolution
Sustainable Development
An Overview
Psychological Aspects
Sustainable Environmental Behavior
Sustained Dialogue
Suttner, Bertha von
Swedish Peace and Arbitration Society


T
Terrorism
Theater of the Oppressed
Peace
Tlieater of War and Peace
Third-party Intei-vention
Eorcc in External Intewcntions
The Role of Intermediaries
'lliird-party Roll- in Conflict Resolution
Thompson, E. P.
Threat and Fear
Tibet, Resistance to China in
Tibetan Buddhism
Tolstoy, Leo
Total War
Tourism
Track Two Diplomacy
Traditions of Peace
Training for Peacebuilding
Training for Peacekeepers
Transitional Justice and Peace
Transnational Citizenship
Transnational ICast-West Peace Etfoils
Transnational Social Movements
Transnational Theoiy
Travel and Exchanges
Treaties
Tribunals and Courts, International
Taith and Reconciliation Commissions


U
Unconventional Weapons and the Challenge to
Unified Buddhist Church
Unilateral Nuclear Disarmament
Unilateral Peace Initiatives
United Kingdom, Peace Movements in
United Nations
Peace Issues and Operations
Peacekeeping
System of Roles in Peacekeeping
Mediation Successes and Failures
System in Foreign Policies of States
Reform
United Nations Children's Fund
United Nations PTlucational, Scientific, and Cultural
Organization
United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees
United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Human
Rights
United Nations Security Council Resolution 13d.i
United States Institute of Peace
United States Peace Movement as Social Movement
United States Peace Movements, 1800-1945
United States Peace Movements, 194,5-1956
Universities, Peace in
Unofficial Mediation
Utopias


V
Veterans' Movements and Peace
Victims of Conflict, Rehabilitation of
Victims of Sexual Violence
Vietnam
Buddhist Peace Mouenieiit
Post-Conflict Peacebuilding
Third Way
Vietnam Veterans against the War
Vietnam W^ar
Global Peace Movements
Origins and U.S. Opposition
Violence
Direct, Structural, and Cultural Violence
Domestic Violence
Violence and Social Conflict
Violent Conflict and Overreaction
Visioning and Conflict Resolution


W
War
Attraction of War
Aversion to War
Early Origins
Primitive, Traditional, Modern, and Postmodern
War
War Crimes l^w
Warism
Warless Societies
"War on Terror"
War Profiteering
War Resistance and the Catholic Ix-ft
War Resistance as a Clobal Phenomenon
War Resisters' International
Warring Parties and Communication
Wars of National Liberation (Anticolonial and Nationalist
Wars)
War Tax Resistance
War Toys and Noncompetitive (iames
Water Issues
Waterton-GIacier International Peace Park
Weapons, Prohibition of
Weapons of Mass Destmction
Free Zones and Regional Initiatives
Legality
Prohibition
Westphalia, Peace of
White, Ralph K.
Wilson, Woodrow
Witness for Peace
Women and Social Change; The MSS in India
Women and War
Women in Black
Balkans
Israel-Palestine
Women, Peace, and War
Women's International League for Peace and Freedom
Women's Peace Camps
Women's Peace Movements. Ilistop," of
Women's Peace Organizations
Women's Rights
Women's Role in Peacemaking
Women Strike for Peace
Woolman. John
World Court Project
World I'ederalist ()i-ganizations
World FixU'ralist Theoiy
World F'ederation
World Governance
World Health Organization
World Histoi'y and the Work of Aimold Toynbee
World Uiw, World Peace through
World Order Models
World Order Theoiy
World Passjiort
World Social lM)n.im
World Systems Theoiy
World Trade Organization
World War 1, Pacifism in
World War 1 and Peace Movements, 1914-191S
World War 11, Pacifism in
World War II and Peace Movements, 1939-194.fi
Wright, Quincy


Y
Yugoslavia
Causes of Integration and Disintegration
Disintegration through War
Nonalignment


Z
Zones of Peace


Appendixes
Key Documents
Key Terms in Peace Research
Negotiation Terms
Selected Key References