Urban water cycle processes and interactions/ Jiri Marsalek, Mohammad Karamouz and Blanca E. Jimenez Cisneros

Foreword
List of Figures
List of Tables
Acronyms
Glossary
Acknowledgements
1 Urban water cycle
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Urban water cycle concept
1.3 Total management of the urban water cycle
2 Urban water cycle hydrologic components
2.1 Water sources
2.1.1 Municipal water supply
2.1.2 Precipitation
2.1.2.1 Climatic aspects
2.1.2.2 Urban precipitation
2.2 Hydrologic abstractions
2.2.1 Interception
2.2.2 Depression storage
2.2.3 Evaporation and evapotranspiration
2.2.4 Infiltration
2.2.5 Lumped hydrologic abstractions
2.3 Water storage
2.3.1 Soil moisture
2.3.2 Urban groundwater
2.4 Interflow and groundwater flow
2.5 Stormwater runoff
2.6 Natural drainage: urban streams, rivers and lakes
2.7 Needs for urban water infrastructure
3 Urban water infrastructure
3.1 Demands on water services in urban areas
3.2 Water supply
3.2.1 Overview of situation in developing countries
3.2.1.1 Middle East and North Africa (MENA)
3.2.1.2 Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA)
3.2.1.3 East, South and South-East Asia (ESSA)
3.2.2 Historical development
3.2.3 Water demand
3.2.3.1 Water supply standards: quantity
3.2.3.2 Water supply standards: quality
3.2.4 Water supply sources
3.2.4.1 Conjunctive use of sources and artificial recharge
3.2.4.2 Supplementary sources of water
3.2.4.3 Water shortage
3.2.5 Example of improving the water supply in the Tehran Metropolitan Area
3.2.6 Drinking water treatment
3.2.6.1 Emerging technologies
3.2.6.2 Desalination
3.2.6.3 Disinfection
3.2.7 Water distribution systems
3.2.8 Drinking water supplies in developing countries
3.3 Urban drainage
3.3.1 Flooding in urban areas
3.3.1.1 Local (pluvial) flooding
3.3.1.2 Urban (fluvial) floods
3.3.2 Stormwater
3.3.2.1 Stormwater characterization
3.3.2.2 Stormwater management
3.3.2.3 Special considerations for drainage in cold climates
3.3.3 Combined sewer overflows
3.3.3.1 CSO characterization
3.3.3.2 CSO control and treatment
3.4 Wastewater and sanitation
3.4.1 Problem definition
3.4.2 Technological development
3.4.3 Ecological sanitation
3.4.4 Basic demands on wastewater management systems
3.4.5 Wastewater characterization
3.4.6 Wastewater systems without separation of wastewaters at the source
3.4.6.1 Centralized systems
3.4.6.2 Distributed (local) systems
3.4.7 Systems with separation of wastewaters at the source
3.4.8 Wastewater treatment technologies for developing countries
3.4.9 Case study of water pollution control in the Tehran Metropolitan Area
3.4.10 Water and wastewater reuse
3.4.10.1 NEWater in Singapore
3.4.10.2 Shinjuku water recycling centre, Tokyo, Japan
3.4.10.3 Wetlands with fish production in Calcutta, India
3.4.10.4 Reuse of (untreated) sewage for agricultural irrigation in the Mezquital Valley (Mexico City sewage disposal)
3.4.10.5 Reuse of stormwater and greywater in Sydney, Australia
3.4.11 Closing observations on wastewater management in developing countries
4 Impacts of urbanization on the environment
4.1 Overview
4.2 General characterization of urbanization effects
4.2.1 Increased ground imperviousness
4.2.2 Changes in runoff conveyance networks
4.2.2.1 Construction of runoff conveyance networks
4.2.2.2 Canaliza tion of urban streams and rivers
4.2.2.3 Interfering transport infrastructures
4.2.3 Increased water consumption
4.2.4 Timescales of urbanization effects
4.2.5 Types of receiving waters and spatial scales
4.3 Urbanization effects on the atmosphere
4.3.1 Thermal effects (urban heat island phenomenon)
4.3.2 Urban air pollution
4.3.3 Combined impacts
4.4 Urbanization effects on surface waters
4.4.1 Physical effects
4.4.1.1 Urbanization effects on flows
4.4.1.2 Urbanization effects on sediment regime: erosion and siltation
4.4.1.3 Modification of the thermal regime of receiving waters
4.4.1.4 Density stratification of receiving water bodies
4.4.1.5 Combined physical effects
4.4.2 Chemical effects
4.4.2.1 Dissolved oxygen reduction
4.4.2.2 Nutrient enrichment and eutrophication
4.4.2.3 Toxicity
4.4.3 Microbiological effects
4.4.3.1 Waterborne pathogens
4.4.3.2 Indicators of microbiological pollution
4.4.4 Combined effects on surface waters
4.4.5 Examples of urbanization effects on specific types of receiving waters
4.4.5.1 Rivers
4.4.5.2 Lakes and reservoirs
4.5 Urbanization effects on wetlands
4.6 Urbanization effects on soils
4.6.1 Erosion
4.6.2 Transport of pollutants in soils
4.6.3 Changes in water quality during percolation through soils
4.6.4 Effects of sludge disposal on soils
4.6.4.1 Sludge production
4.6.4.2 Sludge quality
4.6.4.3 Biosolids (sludge) application on land
4.6.4.4 Sludge disposal
4.6.4.5 New chemicals of concern in sludge
4.7 Urban impacts on groundwater
4.7.1 Unintentional discharges into groundwater aquifers
4.7.2 Intentional discharges into groundwater aquifers
4.7.3 Impacts on aquifers
4.8 Urban impacts on biota: loss of biodiversity
4.8.1 General structure of water bodies and their biota
4.8.2 Properties of the water bodies affecting flora and fauna
4.8.3 Effects of alterations of urban water bodies on biota
4.8.3.1 Rivers
4.8.3.2 Lakes and reservoirs
5 Summary
References
Index